Tolosa-Hunt syndrome (THS) is a painful ophthalmoplegia associated with granulomatous inflammation of the cavernous carotid artery and surrounding tissues which responds to corticosteroid. Other causes of painful ophthalmoplegia must be ruled out. We present a case of THS in which the course of the disease suggested this idiopathic condition which occurred after wide mastoidectomy. The patient was diabetic and had a huge pituitary gland adenoma. Partial petrosectomy, laboratory tests, and imaging studies were normal. We named this condition ‘ Tolosa-Hunt-Like Syndrome’ .

Purpose: To review the diagnostic criteria for Tolosa– Hunt syndrome (THS) and utility of recent modifications. Methods: We searched PubMed for keywords Tolosa Hunt and magnetic resonance imaging. We compared the three editions of International Classification of Headache Disorders and isolated case reports and case series with the assessment of cavernous internal carotid artery (ICA) caliber to find the prevalence of vascular anomalies. We also evaluated cases of THS with the involvement of extracavernous structures and the possible role of idiopathic hypertrophic pachymeningitis (HP). Cases diagnosed falsely as THS were also reviewed for the presence of atypical features and relevance of criterion D. We assessed nonconforming cases (those with normal neuroimaging benign THS) and idiopathic inflammatory orbital pseudotumor (IIPO). Results: Vascular abnormalities were found in 36. 36% of THS cases. Benign THS may also show changes in ICA caliber. Evidence suggestive of idiopathic HP could be found in 57% of cases with the involvement of extracavernous structures, such as facial nerve and pituitary gland. Both THS and IIPO are steroid‑ responsive pathologies with similar clinical and radiological features. False‑ positive diagnosis of THS results from early labeling, based solely on clinical features and symptom resolution after steroid therapy. Conclusions: Benign THS may be a result of limitation of resolution of available neuroimaging technique or early testing. Early and late vascular changes can be seen in both THS and its benign variant; some of them are not innocuous. THS may be considered a type of focal idiopathic HP. IIPO may represent an anterior variant of THS. In the absence of histopathological diagnosis, steroid‑ induced resolution of symptoms should be confirmed radiologically and followed-up.

Introduction: Varicella-zoster virus may cause an infectious disease called Ramsay Hunt syndrome. The related symptoms include facial nerve palsy (FNP), otalgia, the vesicular eruptions of the auricle and external auditory canal, less common ocular movement disorder, facial hypoesthesia, myofascial pain, vestibular symptoms, hearing loss, dysphasia, vocal cord paralysis, as well as tongue paralysis due to cranial neuropathies. Case Report: Herein, we presented the case of a 55-year-old man with left peripheral facial nerve palsy, profound hearing loss, and true vocal cord paralysis. The FNP recovered after 2 weeks and synkinesis totally improved after 4 weeks. Conclusion: Ramsay Hunt syndrome may present as cranial polyneuropathy; therefore, accurate history taking and physical examinations are necessary in this regard. The recovery rate of the vagus nerve is probably fair without polyneuropathy; however, it seems to be poor in cases suffering from polyneuropathy.

Diversity of Indian fermented foods is related to incomparable food culture of each community. Various types of Indian ethnic fermented foods and beverages are produced either naturally or by adding mixed starter cultures using traditional or scientific knowledge of food fermentation (Sekar and Mariappan, 2007). In India, particularly in its hilly states, fermented foods are regularly being consumed by the people since ages (Kore et al., 2012). These traditional fermented foods are untapped treasure Hunts for rare Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) with immense health benefits. . . .

Background: Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (Xcc), the causative agent of bacterial citrus canker, has affected citricultureworldwide. Varieties of means have been used to minimize its devastating effects, but no attention has been given tobacteriocins.Objectives: Here and for the first time, we report the isolation and characterization of two novel bacteriocins.Materials and Methods: Secretome containing bacteriocins of isolated bacteria was separated via SDS-PAGE. Each isolatedprotein band was characterized and checked for its efficacy in controlling two pathogenic isolates of Xcc via disk diffusionassay. The effects of varieties of carbon, nitrogen and phosphate sources were evaluated on both bacterial growthand bacteriocin production via Taguchi orthogonal method.Results: The two bacteriocins showed an activity up to 55ºC that were sensitive to proteases suggesting being protein in nature.Analysis of SDS-PAGE purified protein bands of bacterial secretomes with demonstrated potency against Xcc revealed thepresence of peptides with relative molecular masses of 16.9 and 17 kDa for Cronobacter and Enterobacter, respectively.Sequence analysis of peptides revealed an HCP1 family VI secretion system homologue for Cronobacter (YP_001439956) andpilin FimA homologue for Enterobacter (CBK85798.1). A Taguchi orthogonal array was also implemented to determine theeffect of temperature and eight other chemical factors on bacteriocin production for each bacterium.Conclusions: Two peptides with novel antibacterial activities effective against Xcc were isolated, characterized and conditionswere optimized for their higher production.