Objective: Epididymo-orchitis (EO) potentially results in reduced fertility in up to 60% of affected patients. The anti-inflammatory effects of Korean red ginseng (KRG) and its ability to act as an immunoenhancer in parallel with the beneficial effects of this ancient herbal medicine on the reproductive systems of animals and humans led us to evaluate its protective effects against acute EO.Materials and Methods: This animal experimental study was conducted in the Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences (ZUMS), Zanjan, Iran during 2013-2015. We divided 50 Wistar rats into five following groups (n=10 per group): i. Control-intact animals, ii. Vehicle-phosphate buffered saline (PBS) injection into the vas deferens, iii. KRG-an intraperitoneal (IP) injection of KRG, iv.EO-an injection of uropathogenicEscherichia coli (UPEC) strain M39 into the vas deferens, and v. EO/ KRG-injections of both UPEC strain M39 and KRG. The treatment lasted seven days. We then evaluated sperm parameters, number of germ cell layers, Johnson’s criteria, germ cell apoptosis, body weight and relative sex organs weight.Results: Acute EO increased the relative weight of prostate and seminal vesicles (P≤0.05).It also reduced sperm quality such as total motility, sperm concentration (P≤0.01), and the percentage of normal sperm (P≤0.001). Moreover, acute EO decreased Miller’s (P≤.05) and Johnsen’s scores and increased apoptotic indexes of spermatogenic cells (P≤.001).KRG treatment decreased prostate weight gain (P≤.05) and improved the percentage of sperm with normal morphology, total motility (P≤.01), and progressive motility (P≤.05).The apoptotic indexes of spermatogenic cells reduced (P≤.001), whereas both Johnsen’s (P≤.01) and Miller’s criteria increased in the KRG-treated EO testis (P≤.05).Conclusion: Consequently, KRG ameliorated the devastating effects of EO on the sperm retrieved from either epididymis or testicle in rats.

One of most sensitive relationships in the Middle East is that between Turkeyand Iraq. Crucial in Turkey’ s relationship with Iraq is its view of IraqiKurdistan. This article studies the development of the Turkish foreign policytowards Iraqi Central and Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG) in 2005-2015. The article analyzes several dimensions of Turkey’ s foreign policytowards Iraqi Central Government and KRG. Many observers have stressed oncontradictory nature of Turkey’ s foreign policy towards Iraq in post-2003 era. So the main question of this article is why there has not been a coherentapproach in Turkish foreign policy towards central government of Baghdad andregional government of Erbil in 2005-2015? The answer of the article as itshypothesis is failing nature of Iraq central government and the vast oil resourcesin Kurdistan region have encouraged a pragmatic and ups and down relationsbetween Ankara, Baghdad and Erbil in 2005-2015 which could be characterizedby deep contradictories in economic and security goals. The article shows thatAnkara increasing relations with KRG is a reflection of Turkish limits ofinfluence in Iraq and in the region as a whole.

Two different coefficient approximation methods are implemented during a Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD) approach to analyze a Multi-Stream Heat Exchanger used in cold boxes. Variable-property three-dimensional modeling is used to collect snapshots. Fluid-solid domains are modeled conjugately, and a dimensionless vector-valued approach is suggested for the bases. The Kriging (KRG) and Inverse-Distance Weighted (IDW) methods are employed to approximate the base coefficients according to the Reynolds numbers of streams, and the results are compared. The field is reconstructed for a full interpolation of the POD weighting coefficients and also for a partial extrapolation of them. CFD solution is the criterion for the calculation of deviations. Based on the total heat exchange and exit temperature prediction , the KRG method outperforms the IDW method in 83% of the cases. IDW has better results in some extrapolated cases, although the deviation is substantial for both approaches in these cases. The necessary number of bases depends on the required post-processing for the intended parameter.

This paper aims to investigate the role of accounting measurement and disclosure of social capital in improving the quality of accounting information which covers reliability, relevance, comparability, and consistency. The sample of this research paper is the industrial companies in Sulaymaniyah, the Kurdistan Region of Iraq (KRG). Accordingly, a hypothesis has been developed that accounting measurement and disclosure of social capital play a significant role in improving the relevance, reliability, comparability, and consistency of accounting information. The hypotheses were tested through a questionnaire that has been distributed among 350 employees. It was analyzed by using a stratified sampling methodology. The research methodology comprised demographic analysis, factor analysis, and structural equation modeling. The findings suggest that accounting measurement and disclosure of social capital have a significant and positive effect on the relevance, reliability, comparability, and consistency of accounting information. The research is limited to industrial companies in Sulaymaniyah, KRG. Thus, the findings cannot be comprehensive unless the other scholars further considered various companies, philosophies, agricultural or trading companies.