Carbendazim and Chlorpyrifos are some of the most widespread environmental contaminants of major concern to human and animal reproductive health. Acute toxicity test results for pesticides were evaluated by the Probit analysis method and 96 h LC50 values for C. chanos exposed to chlorpyrifos was 3.73 and 11.5 mg l-1 for carbendazim. Chlorpyrifos and carbendazim significantly decreased total protein, catalase, glutathione S-transferase and acetyl choline esterase and induced lipid peroxidation. Maximum effects of protein, catalase, lipid peroxidation, acetyl choline esterase and glutathione s-transferase were obtained in response to 23.68 mg l-1 of chlorpyrifos and 43.68 mg l-1 of carbendazim. Micronuclei assay results have shown increased abnormality with increasing doses of chlorpyrifos and carbendazim. Maximum increasing in micronuclei was observed in chlorpyrifos exposed C. chanos. This study showed that chlorpyrifos and carbendazim induced alterations in the activity of antioxidant enzymes and could induce clastogenicity.

An investigative field survey was performed from October to November 2023 at nine villages within five districts in four selected regions, aimed to assess the status, challenges, and future perspectives of coastal mariculture development along the coastline in Mainland Tanzania. During this study, both purposive and snowball sampling techniques were used. A structured questionnaire forms were used as an assessment tool to gather fish farmers’s information, followed by a focussed group discussion and key informants’ interviews with government officials. A total of 162 fish farmers, government officials and animal feed sellers were assessed. Demographic data indicated that most farmers were male accounting for 67.9% and females (32.5), aged between between 20 and 40 years old (56.8%), with primary education level, accounted for 82.7%. On the other hand, milkfish were mostly stocked at 2-3 fish/m2 in an earthen pond system, and under monoculture were mostly fed local feed ingredients (88%). The study showed that three major income-generating activities: Milkfish (85%), crab fattening (12%), tilapia (2%), and sea cucumber (1%) were practiced along the coast to support blue economy initiatives. Additionally, the results indicated that government subsidies (89), farm inputs (81%), and capital investment were the major challenges that constrained milkfish development along the coastline of mainland Tanzania. Further, current data indicated that milkfish farming is solely practiced at the subsistence level and needs a scale-up to sustain the blue economy. The present study highlighted the status, challenges, and plan for the future development of coastal mariculture in Tanzania.

The systematics, morphology, distribution, biology, economic importance and conservation of the milkfish (Chanos chanos) of Iran are described, the species is illustrated, and a bibliography on this fish in Iran is provided. It is characterised by a compressed and oblong body, small, toothless and terminal mouth, non-protractile upper jaw, lateral pouches on the posterior part of the branchial chamber forming an epibranchial organ and presence of intermuscular bones. The milkfish resembles members of the family Clupeidae (herrings) but is distinguished by a low number of branchiostegal rays (4 as opposed to 6-7), the presence of a lateral line, and the absence of scutes along the belly. Chanos chanos is found from the African coast, Red Sea and Persian Gulf to the southern Pacific coast of the U. S. A. and to Peru, and north to Japan and south to Australia. Usually found in littoral waters of the ocean, rarely entering rivers but often found in estuaries. The milkfish has been acclimatised to freshwater ponds.

The Tirang Beach area in Indonesia is a coastal area with many fish farming ponds, raising milkfish (Chanos chanos), saline tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), and deep-bodied mojarra fish (Gerres erythrourus). Aquaculture activities in this area are often hampered by bacteria that infect the farmed fish. The use of antibiotics to prevent disease is a growing trend; however, it can lead to antibiotic resistance and residues in the environment. Antibiotic resistance is a global problem that is important to research. This study aimed to monitor the existence of resistant bacteria in sediment and fish from a traditional pond as well as to identify the most resistant bacteria using a molecular approach. The research was carried out from January to April 2024, with data collection using a random sampling method. Samples were taken from the pond sediment and fish gills at three different points. Based on the results, the abundance of bacteria in the sediment and fish gills from the traditional ponds in the Tirang Beach area ranged from 1.53 x 106 to 2.45 x 107 CFU/mL and 7.2 x 105 to 5.52 x 106 CFU/mL, respectively. Furthermore, the resistance level of bacteria against Tetracycline (30 µg), Chloramphenicol (30 µg), Erythromycin (15 µg), and Ciprofloxacin (5 µg) was 36.67, 6.67, 30.00, and 56.67 percent, respectively. Therefore, the antibiotic resistance tests showed that the highest resistance was to Ciprofloxacin. Even though the abundance of bacteria in the sediment was higher than in the fish gills, the resistance bacteria in the fish gills was 82% greater than in the sediment. Moreover, observation through the 16S rRNA gene revealed that the most resistant fish bacteria was Vibrio alginolyticus, which is a rod-shaped Gram-negative bacterium; the most resistant bacteria in the sediment was identified as Vibrio parahaemolyticus, a harmful bacterium well-known as a causative agent of Acute Hepatopancreatic Necrosis Disease (AHPND). Hence, the residual antibiotic in the environment could trigger resistance in Vibrio spp. associated with fish and sediment in the traditional pond, despite the absence of antibiotics usage in this farming.