The creation of modified layer on metal surfaces using new methods is one of the procedures in surface engineering which can improve the surface mechanical properties. The electrical discharge Process is a new method that can form a modified layer on the metal surfaces. This study aims to improve of pure aluminum surface properties through Electrical Discharge Process with Monel 400 electrode. In order to design the experiments, the pulse on time and the pulse current were considered as input parameters. The SEM images indicated that the increase in the pulse on time and the pulse current can increase the thickness of the modified layer. Based on the obtained results, the thickness of improved layer varied between 35 to 75 microns. The results of the EDX analysis showed the diffusion of the copper and nickel to the aluminum surface. Moreover, the results of microhardness testing of the surface layer showed that after Electrical discharge Process, the surface hardness has increased and the surface hardness as 35 Vickers has reached more than 400 Vickers.

The gray single jersey knitted cotton fabric was bioscoured with pectinase enzyme and grafted with acrylonitrile monomer by potassium permanganate/citric acid redox system. The grafted cotton was hydrolyzed with alkali and acetone solvent in presence of a mild alkali solution separately. FTIR analysis was performed to study the changes that were impacted by the chemical Modification. The absorption peak observed at 2259 cm-1 corresponds to the stretching vibration of CºN, which confirms the grafting. Changes in the surface morphology were observed through the SEM studies. Because of more swelling nature of the fibres after hydrolysis Process by 1.5N sodium hydroxide the sample image shows slightly bulkier than the other samples. TGA-DTA thermal analysis shows that the thermal stability was not much affected by the chemical Modification. The solvent induced hydrolysis Process shows good results than the alkali treatments. The grafted cotton shows higher thermal stability than the bioscoured fabric. The modified fabric shows higher degradation temperature than the grafted fabric. Dyeing was carried out with different salt concentrations. The acetone and alkali treated samples show 130% and 20-30% increase in dye uptake than the grafted and sodium hydroxide alone treated samples. Acetone treatment has brought some chemical changes to an alkali treated fabric in its structure and increases the affinity of the modified cotton towards reactive dye.

Organic Modification of hydrophilic sodium montmorillonite (Na+-MMT) is important for improving its compatibility with organic polymers. In the present research, (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES) was used to modify Na+-MMT. The effects on the basal spacing of Na+-MMT upon the premixing Process with different mixing techniques were examined in detail. The resultant products (S-Mts) were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. For monitoring the grafting Process, FTIR was used, while the percentage of the loaded silane was calculated using TGA. Furthermore, XRD measurements were carried out to evaluate the increase in the d-spacing. The amount of grafted silane increases when a suitable premixing Process, such as the mechanical mixer and homogenizer, is chosen. The same beneficial effects were observed on d-spacing, as it increases when using the mechanical mixer and homogenizer. This study demonstrates that the degree of grafting and d-spacing of the grafted products strongly depends on the mixing Process before the silylation reaction. This is very important for the synthesis and application of polymer nanocomposites containing silylated layered silicate minerals.

The research on the Research Octane Number (RON) of the Light Naphtha Isomerization (LNI) Process has significant implications for the quality of gasoline and RON, which are crucial issues in the refinery. In this study, the isomerization unit in an existing 420,000-barrel-per-day gas condensate refinery was investigated to increase RON and decrease total costs. The research involved selecting equipment (means column) to replace the existing ones in an isomerization unit to improve RON and decrease total costs for specific feedstocks. The Deisopentanizer-Deisohexanizer DIP-DIH isomerization unit was chosen as the base case. Three scenarios were simulated and studied to predict product specifications: Deisopentanizer-Depentanizer DIP-DP, Deisopentanizer-Dehexanizer DIP-DH, and Deisopentanizer-Depentanizer-Deisohexanizer DIP-DP-DH isomerization units. To increase RON and study energy consumption, we designed and simulated these scenarios using Aspen HYSYS V9. The energy consumption of the Heat Exchanger Network (HEN) was analyzed using the Aspen Energy Analyzer. The results show that by replacing the equipment and adding new ones, the RON and total cost were significantly altered. The DIP-DP isomerization unit exhibited a higher multiply flow rate by RON, compared to the base case (DIP-DIH) and other scenarios. The results indicate that the DIP-DP isomerization unit improves RON by 6.6% and the total cost by 7.9%.

A new concept for hydrogen liquefaction with a capacity of 300 tons per day is developed through the Modification of an existing one. Pressure and temperature levels, mixed-refrigerant composition, and different configurations are explored to achieve a new concept with lower SEC and higher COP. Aspen HYSYS V9 is used to simulate the Process. Exergy and energy analyses are employed for evaluating the Process to capture the effect of changes. As different parameters of the liquefaction Process are interlinked and depend on each other, optimization is done using a trial and error procedure. Modified-Benedict–Webb–Rubin and Peng-Robinson equations of state are utilized to simulate hydrogen and mixed refrigerant streams to increase the accuracy of the results, especially for the ortho-para conversion. Power consumption of the coolers is considered, and exergy destruction for all the components is calculated. It is found that ortho-para converters and separators could affect the total exergy destruction and efficiency of the Process; however, their exergy efficiency is nearly 100%. The SEC of the new concept is 5.97 kWhr/kg, which shows an 18.8% improvement compared to the base concept. The COP and ε are improved by 14.4% and 15.5% too. The results show that the liquefaction section is responsible for 85% of the total SEC of the Process, and it deserves to focus on this section for future studies.