پاسخگویی عمومی از نشانه های اداره مدرن و دموکراتیک می باشد. مفهوم پاسخگویی به یکی از موضوعات مهم در ادبیات حکمرانی بدل گشته است. مساله پاسخگو نگه داشتن سیاست مداران و مدیران دولتی در محیط جدید حکمرانی، جایی که ابزارهای سنتی کنترل دولت به طور کامل به کار گرفته نشده اند به شناخت وسیعی نیاز پیدا کرده است. در نتیجه انواع جدید پاسخگویی شناسایی شده اند.هدف این مقاله تغییر مفهوم سازی پاسخگویی بر مبنای نوع شناسی ارکیلا در پرتو تغییرات الگوهای اداره در ادبیات مدیریت دولتی است. نتایج این مقاله حاکی از آن است که این تغییر می تواند به تغییرات ساختاری که در علم سیاست و مدیریت دولتی از سال های دهه 1980 در الگوهای اداره تا به حال اتفاق افتاده است، مرتبط باشد. بحث دیگر این است که به جای تلاش برای شناسایی ساز و کارهای جدید پاسخگویی، باید به تحولات رخ داده در میان ساز و کارهای سنتی و پاسخ گویی در بستر اداری جدید توجه بیشتری نمود. لذا در این مقاله تلاش می شود با بهره گیری از روش توصیفی- تحلیلی و از طریق مطالعات کتابخانه ای و با استدلال قیاسی این تغییر را مورد بررسی قرار داد.

ABSTRACT Despite a wide range of components and criteria affecting travel behavior presented through empirical research, the results of these studies are inconclusive, which could be due to the difference between these components and criteria in the study areas. Therefore, this research presented a method to determine which factors in different physical developments affect travel behavior due to the differences in various physical developments. The required information was collected through 271 questionnaires at the level of three neighborhoods of Monirieh, Koye Bimeh, and Koye Golestan in Tehran, Iran, as the old, conventional, and new neighborhoods, respectively. ANOVA test was exerted to analyze the significant difference between different development PATTERNS in three neighborhoods. Dunnett's T3 was applied to determine which neighborhood caused the difference between groups. Also, the factors affecting travel behavior were obtained based on exploratory factor analysis indicators. Finally, by comparing the results of the ANOVA test and regression analysis, it was discovered that factors such as car ownership, dependence and pro-liking for private cars, density and access to educational centers and parks, access to medical and service centers, and variety and density of retail stores had been introduced as the factors affecting travel behavior due to the differences in development PATTERNS. However, proximity to the public transportation station, accessibility preferences in choosing a residence, dependence, and pro-liking for other than a private car, having a license, number of children under five years old, and age have influenced travel behavior regardless of the variation between neighborhoods. Extended Abstract Introduction Finding factors affecting travel behavior has been one of the main concerns of transportation planners. However, in the last two decades, the importance of the influence of the features of the built environment, including land use, along with demographic-economic characteristics, travel behavior, and attitudes of people, has been raised by urban planners. Studies seek to find factors affecting travel behavior, especially land use characteristics. Despite presenting a wide range of components and criteria affecting travel behavior, the results of the studies are inconclusive, which could be due to the difference between these components and criteria in the study areas. Therefore, this research presented a method to determine which factors in different physical developments affect travel behavior due to the differences in various physical developments. In order to do this, it must first be determined whether the study areas/different development PATTERNS have a significant difference in terms of travel behavior or not. In case of a positive answer to the previous question, the following question is which study areas caused this difference. The next question arises: -Which physical and non-physical characteristics affect travel behavior due to distinctions between different development PATTERNS?   Methodology The present research method is analytical and experimental based on quantitative methods. This research chose the frequency of travel by private car, public transportation, and walking as the travel behavior. According to the research's purpose, indicators and criteria affecting travel behavior were extracted after reviewing the theoretical and experimental literature. Then, the required information was collected through 271 questionnaires at the level of three neighborhoods of Monirieh, Koye Bimeh, and Koye Golestan as the old, conventional, and new neighborhoods, respectively. The questionnaire was compiled as a Likert scale in five parts of travel information, demographic-economic characteristics, perceptual characteristics of land use, travel habits, and access preferences of people in choosing their residence. ANOVA test was used to analyze the significant difference between different groups of a characteristic (here, different development PATTERNS or the three case studies). Dunnett T3 was exerted to determine which neighborhood caused the difference between groups. Also, the factors affecting travel behavior were obtained based on exploratory factor analysis indicators. Finally, by comparing the results of the ANOVA test and regression analysis, it was discovered which factors affecting travel behavior were due to the differences in study areas and which factors affect travel behavior regardless of development PATTERNS.   Results and discussion This research aims to identify the factors affecting travel behavior due to the differences in development PATTERNS. In this regard, the findings in line with the first research question show that the frequency of three modes of travel, by private car, transportation, and pedestrian, differ significantly in the three neighborhoods. Furthermore, ANOVA test results depict that there is a significant difference between these three neighborhoods in terms of factors affecting travel behavior, such as perceptually environmental characteristics of the neighborhood, dependence and pro-liking for personal cars, variety and density of retail stores, density and access to educational units and parks, access to medical and service centers, and car ownership. Finally, by comparing the results of the ANOVA test with the regression analysis assessing the relationship between physical and non-physical factors (the same indicators in the same study areas) with travel behavior, the factors affecting travel behavior owing to different development PATTERNS were identified. Factors such as car ownership, dependence and pro-liking for private cars, density and access to educational units and parks, access to medical and service centers, and variety and density of retail stores have been introduced as the factors affecting travel behavior due to the differences in development PATTERNS. However, proximity to the public transportation station, accessibility preferences in choosing a place of residence, dependence, and pro-liking for other than a private car, having a certificate, number of children under five years old, and age have influenced on travel behavior regardless of the variation between neighborhoods (different physical development PATTERNS).   Conclusion In In order to discover the factors affecting travel behavior due to the differences in PATTERNS of physical development, this research has provided a more detailed analysis of the factors affecting travel behavior. It has achieved more accurate components than previous studies in this regard. Detailed analysis of studies related to travel behavior and finding the main components affecting it, considering the extent of variables and data, can pave the way for professionals in transportation planning and urban planning, in addition to providing detailed methods and criteria in the related literature.   Funding There is no funding support.   Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none.   Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest.   Acknowledgments  We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

In some point of view, neither Michel Foucault nor Ibn Khaldun are considered philosophers in the conventional classifications, but both are very  important in intellectual and, of course, in philosophical contexts, especially for those who are interested in the deep study of human life from the perspective of political thought.The main concern of two thinkers, one in the 14th century, the other in the 20th century, is the issue  of power, although neither of them provided a precise definition of it. In this article, an attempt has been made to show the place of power and domination in the political thought of both thinkers by examining the thoughts of two thinkers. And in search of an answer to this question, how did Asabiyyah and industry of religion in Ibn Khaldun's thought and social control through self-technology and discipline in Foucault's thought lead to the expansion of the domination of power? This article is written by analytically comparing the opinions of two thinkers based on Ibn Khaldun's most important book called Muqaddimah and Foucault's late works

1حکمروایی خوب با دارا بودن مهمترین اصول و معیارهای نظیر مشارکت مردمی، پاسخگویی، مسئولیت پذیری، قانون محوری، شفافیت، کارایی و اثربخشی، عدالت و برابری، اجماع گرایی و مشروعیت یکی از رویکردهای نوین مدیریتی و رهیافت جدید توسعه و کاهش فقر به ویژه در نواحی روستایی می­باشد. در این راستا پژوهش حاضر با هدف تحلیل تطبیقی الگوی حکمروایی خوب روستایی در بخش مرکزی شهرستان پلدختر و بخش موسیان شهرستان دهلران تدوین شده است. حجم نمونه پژوهش طبق فرمول کوکران، 284 نفر از سرپرستان خانوارهای ساکن در روستاهای دو بخش مرکزی و موسیان هستند. تجزیه و تحلیل داده­های استنباطی با استفاده از آزمون T صورت گرفته است، همچنین رتبه­بندی روستاهای نمونه به لحاظ وضعیت حکمروایی روستایی با استفاده از تکنیک چند معیاره  TOPSIS صورت گرفته است. نتایج بدست آمده از روش تاپسیس نشان می­دهد که وضعیت حکمروایی در بخش موسیان شهرستان دهلران بهتر از بخش مرکزی شهرستان پلدختر می­باشد، و آزمون تی تک نمونه­ای نشان داده است که میانگین همه مولفه­های حکمروایی خوب روستایی بالاتر از حد متوسط بوده و مقدار سطح معنی­داری آنها کمتر از 05/0 است. نتایج آزمون لوین نیز نشان می­دهد بین دو بخش مرکزی و موسیان در خصوص حکمروایی و مولفه­های آن به جز مسئولیت­پذیری تفاوت معناداری وجود دارد (t≥1.96; p≤0.05)؛ در بخش موسیان میانگین مولفه­های (مشارکت، پاسخگویی و شفافیت) بیشتر از بخش مرکزی پلدختر و در مولفه های (قانونمندی، توافق جمعی، عدالت محوری، کارایی و اثربخشی) کمتر از بخش مرکزی پلدختر بوده است.

Facilities built in areas affected by earthquake activity, such as tunnels, which have always been an integral part of human life, must withstand both dynamic and static loading. It has led to the need for practical studies on the effects of earthquakes on underground structures and the factors affecting their destruction. For this purpose, in this research, at first different PATTERNS of tunnel’s excavation were investigated and by using Plaxis 2D software and based on Tabas earthquake in Iran, sensitivity analysis on geotechnical parameters of the soil surrounding tunnel such as cohesion, friction angle, unit weight and modulus of elasticity was carried out, and the parameters whose changes have the greatest and least effects on the bending moment changes on the tunnel lining are introduced. The results show that tunnel excavation PATTERNS significantly affect the bending moment, axial forces, displacements, and surface settlement of the tunnel. Often, by dividing tunnel excavation area to small parts, the values of bending moment, axial forces, displacements, and surface settlement of the tunnel decreases in static analysis. Also, outputs of sensitivity analysis on geotechnical parameters of the soil surrounding tunnel showed that modulus of elasticity of the soil surrounding tunnel has the most effect and cohesion changes have the least effect on bending moment induced on tunnel lining..

One of the most frequent rules in various areas of demonstrative jurisprudence of Two Major Sects of Islam religion is a rule that is known among Shīʿa as “tolerance in the evidence of traditions” (Arabic: التسامح فی أدلّة السنن) and in Sunnī as “latitudinarianism in documents” (Arabic: التساهل فی أسانید). Believers in the general application of this rule have based it for reasons such as consensus (Arabic: إجماع), tradition famous through practice (Arabic: الشهرة العملیّة), and rational judgement (intellectual judgement) and a group of aḥādīth (Arabic: أحادیث, plural form for ḥadīth, literally “talk” or “discourse”) called “Akhbar-e- Man Balagh” (Arabic: أخبار من بلغ). The understanding of the aforementioned narrations and the extent of application of this rule has caused a conflict of opinions among scholars. The narrations containing the excellences of suras of the Holy Book of Quran is one of the fields of application of the rule of tolerance. The present research has explained the types of exposure to this group of narrations based on the rule of tolerance by using descriptive-exploratory method and using library sources and seeks to find a suitable approach about narrations of the excellences of suras (chapters) of the Holy Book of Quran. The interaction with these narrations is organized based on a special reading of the rule of tolerance in the selected approach, which is based on a rational interpretation of the contents of Man-Balagh (Arabic: من بلغ)’s narrations and is compatible with the indications of some verses and traditions. The use of weak narrations containing the excellences of suras (chapters) will be permissible based on this approach considering three conditions and without any certainty of attributing these narrations to Sharʿ (Islamic rules).

How to profoundly change the beliefs of the polytheists during the age of revelation from the denial of the Prophet (pbuh) to the certainty of his Message and the acceptance of his full guardianship is a question worthy of attention. The order of verses about prophecy based on the order of revelation is the reason to lead a transformative process and a special Quranic method in institutionalizing the belief of prophecy in the lives of Arabs. In the first stage, the Holy Quran in the first Makkī (Arabic: المکّیّ, suras revealed in Mecca) chapters has prepared the community from the motivational side to accept the truth of the Prophet’s (pbuh) prophecy and briefly stating the key issues surrounding it. The Holy Book of Quran at the time of the emergence of oppositions and doubts (the second stage) destroyed the arguments of the polytheists and explained the prophecy and proved its authenticity from a cognitive perspective in the second stage by presenting clear arguments. and the Holy Book of Quran in the third stage after Madanī (Arabic: المدنیّ, suras revealed in Medina) period has undertaken measures in order to fulfill the goals of the Massage by explaining the true position of the Prophet (pbuh) to deepen and operationalize the Prophetic belief through explaining practical duties for the Prophet (pbuh) and behavior based on the acceptance of Walaya (Arabic: ولایة, meaning “guardianship” or “governance”).

1پژوهش حاضر باهدف شناسایی شایستگی های اشتغال دانش آموختگان علوم تربیتی از دیدگاه کارفرمایان انجام شد. این پژوهش ازنظر هدف کاربردی و در زمره پژوهش های کیفی و از نوع برخاسته از داده ها بود. شرکت کنندگان این پژوهش شامل 24 نفر از کارفرمایان حوزه علوم تربیتی (مصاحبه کنندگان پذیرش ماده 28 آموزش وپرورش، مدیران آموزشگاه های آزاد علمی، مدیران و مسئولین جذب مدارس غیردولتی، مدیران مهدکودک ها و پیش دبستانی ها) در شهر بیرجند بود. داده ها با استفاده از مصاحبه نیمه ساختاریافته جمع آوری و به روش استراوس و کربین و با استفاده از نرم افزار MAXQDA-2020تحلیل شد. به منظور اعتبار یابی (اعتباربخشی) پژوهش دو روش کنترل اعضا و مرور یا بازخورد همتایان به کار گرفته شد. مرور و مقایسه متوالی داده ها به استخراج 28 مقوله و 6 مضمون منتج شد. تحلیل داده ها منجر به شکل گیری یک خرده نظریه شد. الگوی به دست آمده نشان می دهد، پدیده اصلی در فرایند مهارت تربیت و آموزشگری است. پدیده اصلی، تحت تأثیر شرایط زمینه ای و واسطه ای، منجر به شکل گیری راهبردهای «یادگیرنده مادام العمر بودن»، «مهارت پژوهش»، «مهارت برنامه ریزی»، «کلاس داری و مدیریت کلاس»، «هدفمندی» و «مهارت های حل مسئله» گردید. درنهایت «افزایش توان اشتغال پذیری» به عنوان پیامد حاصل از این فرآیند بود.

Considering the fact that the words in the intra-religious attitude are considered in two ways, the first is towards jurisprudential words and the second is a rational and conceptual view focusing on their meanings. we have tried to deal with one of the most important issues of intra-religious attitude with a rational approach by descriptive and analytical method, which is the category of "hermeneutic interpretation" of words, especially the most influential idea of interpretation & that is the view of the "spirit of meaning" of Ghazali. After Ghazali, Ibn Arabi used this theory of Ghazali regarding the development of meaning in creating his new idea, and by re-reading Ghazali's idea with a mystical approach, he presented his own theory regarding the expansion of meaning. While accepting the argument of the focal point of the theory of the spirit of meaning, he removes it from the exclusivity to the "linear", and for this purpose, he brought up arguments as well as the Conditions of Hermeneutic Interpretation in this regard. Ibn Arabi's arguments on transversal interpretation include new formulations in the argument, which after him, this theory was favored and accepted by Mulla Sadra, and then it was accepted by his students.