Phosphate ester compounds display good flame retardancy effect in epoxy resin systems. In this paper, several novel phosphate esters, used as curing agents for epoxy resins, were synthesized based on P2O5, phosphoric acid, and different types of alcohol. The structures of phosphate esters were characterized by 31P nuclear magnetic resonance (31P NMR). Then, a series of flame retardant epoxy composites were prepared by curing the epoxy resins (E-44) with the phosphate esters. The flame retardancy and thermal degradation behaviors of flame retardant epoxy composites were investigated by cone calorimeter test (CCT) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), respectively. The results of CCT indicated that phosphate esters can significantly decrease heat release rate, total heat release (THR), and smoke production rate. The sample cured by butyl phosphate ester from phosphorus pentoxide, phosphoric acid and butanol showed the best flame retardant performance among all samples. The TGA results showed that phosphate esters could enhance char residues of flame retardant epoxy composites when compared with those of a composite using T31 as a curing agent at high temperature. It may be concluded that good flame retardant properties of flame retardant epoxy composites are related to the formation of a protective phosphorus-rich char layer. These phosphate esters have a good future on flame retardant epoxy composites.

Deprotection of phosphate, phosphite, and sulfite esters by silica chloride is described. Silica chloride is a mild, selective, and effective reagent for cleavage of benzyl and t-butyl esters of the above compounds.

In This Paper, LM Pectin Production from Commercial apple Pectin By Using Acid, Alkali And Ammonia Methods In The Presence Of Ethanol Was Studied. Also, The Effect Of Different Parameters Such As, Temperature, Time, Acid, Alkali And Ammonia Treatment In LM Pectin Production Were Evaluated. In All The Experiments, Low Temperature Showed A Better Influence From A Recovery, Purity And Low De-Polymerization Viewpoint. Optimum Conditions In The Acid Method Reached At Ph = 2, T = 17 Hrs And T = 30°C, In The Alkaline Method Reached At Ph = 11, T = 3 Hrs And T = 5°C And In The Ammonia Method Reached At 2 N Ammonia And T = 5°C, Were determined.

Calcium phosphate cements (CPCs), using B-tricalcium phosphate (ß-TCP, Ca3 (P04)2), dicalcium phosphate (DCP, CaHP04), calcium carbonate (Ca CO3), and hydroxylapatite (HAp, Ca10(P04)6(OH)2) as powder cement and disodium hydrogen phosphate (Na2HP04) solution as liquid component were prepared. After mixing the powder and liquid constituents, injectable and self-setting calcium phosphate cements (CPCs) were prepared with different liquid to powder ratios (UP) that formed hydroxylapatite and ß-tricalcium phosphate as the only end products, which were characterized by FTIR, XRD and SEM techniques. The results showed that, at certain concentration of Na2HP04 (6 wt%), the initial and final setting times decreased by decreasing the UP ratio.