The Vernier PM (VPM) machine is known as a high-torque and low-speed drive solution suitable for direct-drive applications such as electric vehicles and wind turbines. The Consequent-Pole VPM (CP-VPM) machine is a special structure of VPM that introduces high-torque density as the conventional VPM by incorporating the significantly lower volume of PM materials. Despite the large body of recent research and many experiments concerning the conventional structure, the CP-VPM machine has received attention only by few publications. The paper presented the electromagnetic principles of flux modulation in the CP-VPM machine. The quantities of machine operation were evaluated using analytical equations and the performance of the mentioned machine was compared with that of the conventional machine. It was concluded that the torque density and back EMF of the proposed machine were much larger than those of the conventional machine and the torque pulsation magnitude was lower. However, the power factor was undesirably reduced due to higher spatial harmonic distortion of the CP rotor magnetic field and the presence of magnetic field components, which would not contribute to the flux modulation. Based on the spatial harmonic analysis, design modifications made for enhancing the operational characteristics of the CP-VPM machine were proposed and their effectiveness was verified by comparing the 2D-FE results with those of the conventional VPM machines.

Eating disorders are debilitating, life-threatening, and costly mental disorders that significantly impair physical health and adversely affect psychosocial functioning. Nowadays, six main feeding and eating disorders are identified in diagnostic systems, and Bulimia nervosa is one of them. The aim of this paper is twofold: First, it seeks to shed light on the concept of bulimia as understood by the Persian school of medicine. This study has attempted to consider the roots of this disease within this tradition. It will compare the concept of bulimia nervosa in conventional medicine with that of Canine appetite disease in Persian medicine in the Islamic Golden Era (9th-12th centuries). Secondly, it will analyze and show the evolution of the term bulimia throughout history. For this purpose, Avicenna’s Canon of Medicine, primary PM resources, and important databases were reviewed using the related keywords. Although these diseases are in the category of emerging mental illness, evidence suggests that its roots can be found in Persian medicine. The comparison made between the definition of Canine appetite in this school and modern definitions of Bulimia nervosa shows striking similarities between the two diseases, suggesting that both are the same disease.