Introduction: Mountaineers, especially professional ones, are exposed to unusual environments that are not tolerable for most ordinary people. Some available studies suggest that mountaineers have different Personality Traits from ordinary people,however, there is not enough evidence to support this claim. This study aimed to investigate differences in the Personality Traits of mountaineers that may influence their decision-making in risky situations. Methods: In this study, a short form of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI, 71 questions) was used to assess the Personality Traits of 85 mountaineers who were members of mountaineering clubs. The eight dimensions of hypochondriasis (Hs), depression (D), hysteria (Hy), psychopathic deviate (Pd), paranoia (Pa), psychasthenia (Pt), schizophrenia (Sc), and hypomania (Ma) were compared with the results of 62 individuals in the control group. Independent t-test, Chi-square, and three-way ANOVA test were performed in SPSS version 21 for data analysis. Results: There were no significant differences between the two groups in terms of hypochondriasis, depression, hysteria, paranoia, and psychasthenia, whereas psychopathic deviate, schizophrenia, and hypomania were significantly higher in the mountaineer group compared to the control group. Despite these differences, the MMPI profile was normal for both the mountaineer and control groups. Conclusion: Although mountaineers had significantly different Personality Traits, they did not show any specific problems in the MMPI, which can potentially affect their decision-making in risky environments. The higher levels of hypomania in mountaineers can explain their participation in high-risk physical activities.

Background and Objective: Fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) is considered as a widespread chronic pain disorder of unknown etiology. Since Personality Traits can play an important role in the development of FMS, this review article was conducted in order to increase the understanding of Personality Traits related to FMS. Methods: This review article was conducted by searching articles based on PRISMA guidelines for studies published from 2000 to September 2021 in authentic databases using the keywords fibromyalgia syndrome, chronic widespread pain, Personality, and Personality tests. The results of 30 eligible studies aimed at identifying Personality Traits in patients with FMS were reviewed and summarized. Findings: According to the theoretical model used, the articles that used the TCI tool reported high traumatic avoidance and low self-regulation. High scores in hypochondriasis, hysteria and depression have been observed using the MMPI questionnaire. Moreover, other studies showed a high score in neuroticism using NEO. In this systematic review, some Personality Traits related to FMS were identified and explained. In other words, many patients with fibromyalgia show Personality Traits that are related to the mechanisms involved in FMS. Conclusion: The findings provide evidence that Personality Traits can play a key role in the development and persistence of this syndrome. However, studies lack sufficient evidence to support an "FMS Personality. " The results expand our knowledge about the complex nature of this disorder and facilitate the effective treatment of FMS patients. Overall, these findings support the need for a comprehensive Personality model to better understand FMS.