There are some arboviral and parasitic diseases which are transmitted by culicine mosquitoes in Iran. Three genera and eleven species of the subfamily Culicinae (Diptera: Culicidae) were collected by dipping method and identified in Kahnooj district, Kerman province, south-eastern Iran, during October and November, 2003 including; Culex (Culex) bitaeniorhynchus, Cx. (Maillotia) deserticola, Cx. (Cux.) laticinctus, Cx. (Cux.) perexiguus, Cx. (Cux.) pipiens, Cx.(Cux.) quin- quefasciatus, Cx.(Cux.) sinaiticus, Cx.(Cux.) theileri, Cx.(Cux.) tritaeniorhynchus, Culiseta (Allotheobaldia) longiareolata, and Uranotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) unguiculata. In this study, Ur.unguiculata was identified in Kerman province for the first time. Fauna and ecology of Culicinae need more investigations in this province.

Introduction: Persistent microbial biofilms and complex root canal anatomy continue to challenge effective endodontic disinfection. This systematic review aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial, antibiofilm, anti-inflammatory, and regenerative effects of propolis nanoparticles (PNPs) in endodontic applications. Methods: A comprehensive search of Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library was conducted from database inception to April 2026 according to PRISMA guidelines. In vitro, animal, and clinical studies evaluating PNP-based delivery systems in endodontics were included. Risk of bias and methodological quality were assessed using Quality Assessment Tool for In Vitro Studies (QUIN), SYRCLE, and RoB 2 tools. Results: Fifteen studies met the inclusion criteria, most of which were in vitro investigations. PNP-based systems demonstrated antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity, particularly against Enterococcus faecalis. Several studies also reported reduced inflammation, improved dentinal tubule penetration, sustained bioactive release, and favorable biocompatibility compared with conventional materials and pure propolis formulations. Conclusion: PNPs show promising potential as adjunctive endodontic therapeutic agents due to their antimicrobial and biocompatible properties. However, current evidence is limited by the predominance of heterogeneous preclinical studies; well-designed clinical studies are required to confirm their efficacy and safety.

Background: Any mosquito control methods requires precise information about population dynamics, variety, biology and mosquito habitat. This research assessed Culicid mosquitoes' attraction to a human host and a calf to better under-stand their behavior. Methods: Adult mosquitoes were sampled in 22 weeks in southwestern Iran's Nur Ali Village from May to October 2015. The mosquitoes were drawn to the person and calf as bait, while the unbaited trap was also used. A substantial statistical difference between attracted mosquitoes to the hosts was determined in the T-test. Results: Within 22 weeks, 29821 mosquitoes were captured. Only 9% were collected from the human baited net trap, 89. 1% from the calf baited net trap, and 1. 9% from the unbaited net trap. The number of collected female mosquitoes was statistically significantly higher using the calf baited net trap of the total mosquitoes, 916 were randomly identified at the species level by local identification keys. Of these, 63 were Anopheles stephensi (human: 16%, calf: 75% and unbaited: 9%), 83 An. pulcherrimus (human: 27%, calf: 60% and unbaited: 13%), 118 Aedes caspius (human: 24%, calf: 69% and unbaited: 7%), 493 Culex tritaeniorhynchus (human: 52%, calf: 37% and unbaited: 11%), 153 Cx. quin-quefasciatus (human: 44%, calf: 47% and unbaited: 9%), and 6 Cx. theileri (human: 33%, calf: 50% and unbaited: 17%). Conclusion: The obtained results here provide useful insights into the mosquito population and the possibility of using this information as an essential part of integrated vector management regarding the reemergence of malaria or other mosquito-borne.

Background: Alterations in the kynurenine pathway (KP) metabolite can contribute to the pathogenesis and progression of many psychiatric and neurodegenerative illnesses, including Alzheimer disease (AD) and Huntington disease (HD), primarily through neuroinflammatory pathways and generating neurotoxic metabolites.  Objectives: This systematic review highlights the evidence obtained by in vivo animal studies on alterations in KP metabolites and enzymes in AD and HD.  Materials & Methods: We searched PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and EMBASE databases from the beginning of 2000 to January 2024 and included English-language in vivo articles comparing levels of KP metabolites or enzymes in rats or mice AD or HD models with controls.  Results: A total of 19 studies, comprising 93 experimental and 95 control animals, were included. In AD models compared to controls, the following changes were reported: higher levels of tryptophan (TRP) in blood; higher kynurenine (KYN) levels in the cortex, hippocampus, hypothalamus, and prefrontal cortex; higher quinolinic acid (QUIN) levels in the hippocampus and cerebrum; higher indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenases levels in the cerebrum, prefrontal cortex, and hippocampus; and a higher KYN/TRP ratio in the hippocampus, cortex, and cerebellum. Reports on HD models compared to controls showed higher 3-hydroxykynurenine levels in the striatum and cortex and lowered TRP levels in the striatum. Conclusion: According to the primary outcomes, KP alterations may lead to the progression of AD and HD. These two diseases can also change the KP pathway factors. Here, we highlighted that changes in the KP metabolites and enzyme levels can help diagnose and treat these diseases.

Introduction: This systematic review compared the accuracy of guided endodontics with the conventional method in non-surgical endodontic retreatment. Methods: Two reviewers conducted a systematic search across PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Embase, and Web of Science databases. Inclusion criteria consisted of all in vitro studies up to October 2024 that documented the application of cone-beam computed tomography in creating a guide for endodontic retreatment cases. The reviewers assessed the quality of the selected studies using the QUIN tool. Data regarding the first author and publication year, sample size, tooth type, retreatment application, computer-aided navigation technique, groups, image acquisition method, outcome measures, guided technique results, conventional technique results, and the main results were extracted using a predefined template. Results: Based on our criteria, seven studies were included in this review. The studies demonstrated variability in the techniques utilized. Iatrogenic errors were less frequent in guided groups, regardless of the operator’s level of experience. Most studies indicated that guided endodontics was more effective than conventional methods, particularly in fiber post-removal and access through MTA, minimizing volumetric loss of tooth structure, and preserving fracture resistance. However, when using guided techniques for removal of separated instruments, more iatrogenic errors occurred, and more time was required compared to the freehand technique. Conclusion: Guided endodontics has shown promise in improving the outcomes of non-surgical retreatment by reducing complications. However, as all included studies were in vitro, clinical evidence is lacking, and the generalization of these results should be done cautiously. Further well-designed clinical studies are required to confirm these findings.

Background and aims: The physical and mental health of workers is very important in occupational health, one of the most important organs of the body is cardiovascular system or blood circulation. Various occupational factors affect it. Cardiovascular health in workers is an important item. Before doing physical work, such as exercise or work, it is necessary to determine the maximum aerobic capacity of individuals. However, this was not a matter for business for a few years ago, and it was only for professional athletes performing a series of aerobic tests before going to work professionally it was done. Today, the importance of this issue has been detected in physically active workers, but for some reason it is difficult to determine the maximum aerobic capacity of the workforce, but it can find a good place in physical examinations. Occupational physiology is contented cardiovascular system; heart and blood circulation and vessels such as arteries, veins and capillaries, respiratory system; lungs, musculoskeletal system and other related organs, but cardiovascular system has an important situation in this item. Heart beat, cardiac output, electrocardiogeraphy and its changes are main variables in tests and examination. Heart beat in many test has major importance; step and bike tests. Electrocardiography in treadmill tests is assessed. Changes of electrocardiography such as P wave, P-R, QRS complex, T wave, ST are assessed. Occupational physiology is one of the subject in ergonomic factors. Ergonimic factors are occupational physiology, anthropometry, environmental physiology, industrial psychology and biomechanic. Anthropometry is study on measurement of human body, it is used in making worker’ s station. Environmental physiology is environmental factors such as temperature. Biomechanic is study on skeleton muscles and joints, working postures and lifting loads. Industrial psychology is study about stress in workplace and prevention of it. Occupational physiology was an important and must be assessed for many situation such as preplacement examination for workers, fitness for work or sport, periodic physical examination, return to physical work, impairment and disability assessment and calculation. Aim was determining the appropriate and suitable tests for determination the maximum aerobic power in working people in a review study, the objective of the study was determination the tests for calculation of the maximum aerobic power in workers according to jobs and ages. Methods: Using the scientific resources up to day, validated and scientific websites related to medical sciences was conducted on the tests used to determine the maximum physical aerobic power of review research. In this study, the tests were divided into four major categories. The results of job and age were compared. The first group of tests performed by the standard step, the second group of tests performed by an ergometer bike, the third group of tests performed by the treadmill and the fourth group of tests that were not required by the special instrument. Determine the research question, determine the instructions for doing the study, review the texts, evaluate the information in the studies, analyze the findings and interpret it, so that the researcher can determine the appropriate tests in each case. All studies on the determination of maximum aerobic power in employed people from 1970 to 2018, review of texts in scientific books, journals and related scientific sites, motor searching such as Springer, Pubmed, Scopus, Google scholar, Elzevier, Wiley, Web of science, Medline, magazines and books on Sport medicine and Occupational health, physiology and Occupational medicine, Behdasht ministry, international labor organization, occupational safety and health administration, national institute for occupational health and safety websites. Based on the method of measuring maximum aerobic power, the name of the test and the type of job was searched. Assessing the information and results in qualitative and quantitative studies and analyzing the findings to determine the appropriate tests in each case. In this regard, the numerical scale was used. Results: The first set of tests performed by the standard step, the second group of tests performed by an ergometer bike, the third group of tests performed by the treadmill, and the fourth group of tests that are specifically designed to do without special instrument. The results of tests performed had differences from each other. Each test had indication and contraindication. Side effects were important and must be considered. Some contraindication were cardiovascular disorders; ischemic heart disease in acute phase, crisis of hypertension, respiratory; asthma attack and musculoskeletal diseases; hip osteoarthritis and rheumatism and fever in infection or inflammation disorders that could be affected on heart rate. Fatigue and chest pain or dyspnea during the test were indications for stopping the test. The most prevalent test in each group was Mc Ardle step test, Astrand Bike test, Bruce test and Cooper running test. Result of studies demonstrated, the first set of tests performed by standard steps, such as Quin’ s or McArdle College step testing, performed this test in 3 minutes with steps of 104 steps, then measured heart rate per minute and placed in the formula the corresponding result was to calculate VO2 Max and then MET (metabolic equivalent of task). In fact, in all tests, the goal is to obtain these indices. It was recommended in moderate to heavy work and in young people. Another step test is Harvard step test, it was done in 5 minutes. The second set of tests performed by an ergometer bike, one of these tests, is the test of the Astrand bike. This test was carried out in six minutes of biking. We only need to give the bike the intensity, and eventually using the heart rate to calculate the maximum aerobic power. It was recommended in heavy work and young ages. The third group of tests performed by the treadmill were different. These tests were varied from common tests such as Bruce and Bruce modified, Balk and Nakhton by a moving tape. Usually, the time the person was on the tape is placed in the corresponding formula and the aerobic power of the person was obtained. Performing these tests requires a fairly high physical capacity. However, the conditions were different from each other, and the Bruce modified test and Nakhton are used for people who were less physically fit. It was recommended in pilot and diving and middle ages. The fourth category of those tests that did not require a specialty to do it, the Cooper Test, George Jog Test, and Rockport Walk Testing were among them. With a range of features such as running distance (Cooper), age, gender, weight, duration Running or Walking Time (George & Rockport) researcher could get the maximum aerobic power and calculate it. It was recommended in moderate work and adolescence and young people. Precition of test was an important some of test had more precision than others. Mc Ardle step test, Astrand bike test, Bruce test and Rockpport walk test had more precision than other in each group. Occupational health team should be calculated the VO2 max and metabolic equivalent of task for each worker and compared with standard amount and needed for physical job. Percent of metabolic equivalent of task to MET of workers was calculated and if it was lower than 40 percent it would be in low risk for health. But more than 40 percent had moderate to high risk for health and must not placed worker on this job. This research worked on aerobic and other study should be done for anaerobic physiologic exams that could be help of occupational health team. Conclusion: Using appropriate tests in appropriate situations could help in making better decisions for the employment. Each test was appropriate for some specific jobs and persons in different ages. It was important in occupational examinations. This study recommended the Mc Ardle step test for young people (19-30) in gaurding work, Astrand bike test for young people (31-44) in firefightering, Bruce test for middle ages in Pilot and Diving work and Cooper for adolescence in educational and sporting. The researcher recommended the tests in preplecement of workers in physical works but must be done under supervision because of side effects and having cardio-pulmonary resuscitation instruments and team. In some industries might be elected some tests, in this situation occupational health team must be determined the suitable examination. All of the results must be gathered and recorded in occupational health issues in occupational health center.