The likelihood of incident occurring in oil and gas industries is high due to the inherent risks associated to high temperature, high pressure, hydrocarbon, and etc. One of the prominent incidents that have taken place is the Texas refinery explosion. The purpose of this review was to investigate the causes of the BP Texas refinery incident. There are three sources of references for the reviewed articles: Web of Science, Scopus, and Science Direct. The search results were filtered according to six selection criteria, and after reading the abstracts and full texts, ten articles were included in this review. These studies and reports were reviewed to understand modeling and simulation of the incident process and to identify the root causes of the incident. The review highlights the main factors that led to the incident including: lack of management of change (MOC), maintenance, preliminary hazard analysis, lack of effective safety barriers, and human errors in some sectors. It is recommended that lessons learned from the incident be shared to relevant parties to improve the process safety and further studies on safety barriers and their failure instead of simulation of the incident dynamics.

Purpose: To determine the causative organisms and associated risk factors for infectious keratitis in South Texas. Methods: This retrospective study was performed at a tertiary teaching hospital system in South Texas. Medical records of all patients who presented with infectious keratitis from 2012 to 2018 were reviewed. Only patients with culture-proven bacterial, fungal, and Acanthamoeba keratitis were included. Results: In total, 182 eyes of 181 patients had culture-proven bacterial, fungal, or Acanthamoeba keratitis. The age of patients ranged from 3 to 93 years, with a mean of 48. 3 ± 20. 8 years. The most common etiologic agent was bacteria, with 173 bacterial cultures (95. 1%) recovered, followed by 13 fungal cultures (7. 1%), and 3 Acanthamoeba cultures (1. 6%). Of the 218 bacterial isolates, coagulase-negative Staphylococcus was the most common (25. 7%), followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (23. 4%), Staphylococcus aureus (11. 0%), and Moraxella (7. 8%). Fusarium was the most common fungal isolate (46. 2%). The most common risk factors for infectious keratitis included contact lens wear (32. 4%), underlying corneal disease (17. 6%), trauma (14. 3%), and ocular surface disease (13. 7%). Conclusions: Bacteria are the most common cause of infectious keratitis in this patient population, with coagulase-negative Staphylococcus and Pseudomonas as the most common isolates. The prevalence of culture-positive fungal keratitis is significantly lower than that of bacterial keratitis. Contact lens wear is the most common risk factor associated with infectious keratitis in South Texas.