IN THIS WORK, ELECTROCHEMICAL BEHAVIOR OF CITALOPRAM (CTP) WAS STUDIED. BECAUSE OF SIMPLICITY, RAPIDITY, HIGH SENSITIVITY AND SELECTIVITY, VAOLTAMMETRIC nanosensorS ARE VERY IMPORTANT IN THE DRUG DETERMINATION. CTP IS AN ANTIDEPRESSANT DRUG OF THE SELECTIVE SEROTONIN REUPTAKE INHIBITOR CLASS THAT IS USED FOR THE TREATMENT OF SEVERE DEPRESSIVE DISORDERS [1-3]. SILVER NANOPARTICLES AND 1, 4-DIHYDROPYRIDINES WERE USED TO FABRICATE A MODIFIED CARBON PASTE ELECTRODE AS AN ELECTROCATALYST AND ORGANIC SELECTIVE AGENT, RESPECTIVELY.1, 4-DIHYDROPYRIDINES REPRESENTS AN IMPORTANT CLASS OF COMPOUNDS THAT ARISES IN MANY BIOLOGICAL PRODUCTS SUCH AS VASODILATORS, ANTITUMOR AND ANTI-DIABETIC AGENTS. SILVER NANOPARTICLES WITH THE GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF NANOPARTICLES SUCH AS CATALYTIC PROPERTIES, CONDUCTIVITY, HIGH SURFACE AREA, STRENGTHENING AND SO ARISES AS A GOOD OPTION TO MODIFY CARBON PASTE ELECTRODES. THE EFFECTS OF VARIOUS EXPERIMENTAL FACTORS SUCH AS PH, SUPPORTING ELECTROLYTE AND POTENTIAL SCAN RATE HAVE BEEN INVESTIGATED. THE LIMIT OF DETECTION AND THE LINEAR RANGE WERE FOUND TO BE 1.50 × 10-5 AND 1.0 × 10-2 TO 1.0 × 10-4 M OF CTP, RESPECTIVELY. FINALLY, THE PROPOSED nanosensor WAS APPLIED FOR DETERMINATION OF CTP IN BIOLOGICAL SPECIMEN AND PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCTS, SUCCESSFULLY.

TRAMADOL (TRA) IS A CENTRALLY ACTING ANALGESIC THAT WAS FIRST INTRODUCED IN GERMANY IN 1977. TODAY, IT HAS BECOME THE MOST PRESCRIBED OPIOID WORLDWIDE. IT IS GENERALLY SAID TO BE DEVOID OF MANY OF THE SERIOUS ADVERSE EFFECTS OF TRADITIONAL OPIOID RECEPTOR AGONISTS SUCH AS THE RISK FOR RESPIRATORY DEPRESSION AND DRUG DEPENDENCE. TRAMADOL WORKS IN TWO WAYS TO RELIEVE PAIN. IT WORKS ON THE BRAIN IN A SIMILAR WAY TO CODEINE AND MORPHINE. IT ALSO AFFECTS SOME OTHER CHEMICALS IN THE BRAIN CALLED NORADRENALINE AND SEROTONIN. THESE HAVE MANY FUNCTIONS, SOME OF WHICH INCLUDE EASING PAIN [1-2]. A VARIETY OF QUANTITATIVE ANALYTICAL METHODS HAVE BEEN REPORTED FOR THE DETERMINATION OF TRA INCLUDING HPLC, LC-MS AND GC-MS. ELECTROCHEMICAL ANALYTIC TECHNIQUE IS AN ATTRACTIVE METHODDUE TO SIMPLICITY, RAPIDITY, LOW EXPENSE, HIGH SENSITIVITY AND POSSIBILITY OFMINIATURIZATION. CONSTRUCTION OF ELECTROCHEMICAL SENSORS CONTINUES TO BE AN AREA OF GREAT INTEREST [3]. THE ELECTROCHEMICAL BEHAVIOR OF TRAIN AQUEOUS MEDIA HAS BEEN EXAMINED BY CYCLIC AND DIFFERENTIAL PULSE VOLTAMMETRY. THE VOLTAMMOGRAMS WERE RECORDED WITH MAUTOLAB FRA2 POTENTIOSTAT-GALVANOSTAT. A THREE-ELECTRODE SYSTEM WAS USED WITH A BICYCLOAZIRIDIN-NANOGRAPHENE MODIFIED ELECTRODE AS WORKING, A PLATINUM ROD AS THE COUNTER ELECTRODE AND AN AG/AGCL AS THE REFERENCE ELECTRODE. ALL TESTS WERE CARRIED OUT UNDER ROOM TEMPERATURE AND N2 ATMOSPHERE. THE PH STRONGLY AFFECTS THE PEAK POTENTIAL OF TRA. THE BEST ANALYTICAL RESPONSE WAS OBTAINED AT PH 9.0. THE CATHODIC PEAK CURRENTS WERE PROPORTIONAL TO TRA CONCENTRATIONS. THE EFFECT OF POTENTIAL SCAN RATE ON THE PEAK POTENTIAL AND PEAK CURRENT OF TRA WAS INVESTIGATED. THE CORRELATION OF THE PEAK CURRENTS AGAINST V1/2 (V IS THE SCAN RATE) IS LINEAR, WHICH IS VERY SIMILAR TO A DIFFUSION-CONTROLLED PROCESS. PROPOSED METHOD APPLIED TO ANALYSIS OF COMMERCIAL TABLETS, SUCCESSFULLY.

ATROPIN (AT) HAS WIDE MEDICAL APPLICATIONS, E.G. FOR DILATING THE PUPILS IN THE OPHTHALMIC OPERATIONS, AS AN ANTISPASMODIC AND AS AN ANTIDOTE FOR POISONING OF OPIUM, ESERINE AND MUSCARINE. TILL NOW, THE COMMONLY EMPLOYED TECHNIQUES FOR THE DETERMINATION OF THE DRUG IN BULK FORM, PHARMACEUTICAL FORMULATION, AND BIOLOGICAL FLUIDS ARE BASED ON HPLC, LC/MS, SPECTROSCOPY, AND MICROBIOLOGICAL ASSAYS [1]. SINCE THESE TECHNIQUES HAVE EXPENSIVE INSTRUMENTATION AND RUNNING COSTS, THE USE OF SIMPLER, FASTER, AND CHEAPER, YET SENSITIVE, ELECTROCHEMICAL TECHNIQUES CAN BE INTERESTING ALTERNATIVES, ESPECIALLY THOSE BASED ON ELECTROANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES. MODIFICATION OF ELECTRODES WITH SUITABLE MATERIALS FACILITATES THE ELECTROCHEMISTRY OF THE REDOX BIOLOGICAL COMPOUNDS, WHICH GENERALLY RESULTS IN INCREASED SELECTIVITY AND SENSITIVITY OF THE DETERMINATIONS. AMONG THESE METHODS, CHEMICALLY MODIFIED ELECTRODES (CMES) HAVE BEEN APPLIED FOR THE DETERMINATION OF DRUGS IN REAL SAMPLES. ZEOLITE-MODIFIED ELECTRODES (ZMES), THE IMPORTANT TYPE OF THE CMES, HAVE BEEN LARGELY DEVELOPED DURING THE PAST TWO DECADES BECAUSE THEY ENABLE TO COMBINE THE INTRINSIC PROPERTIES OF THE ZEOLITES WITH ELECTRON TRANSFER REACTIONS. ZEOLITE-MODIFIED CARBON PASTE ELECTRODES (ZMCPES) HAVE BEEN LARGELY AND SUCCESSFULLY APPLIED FOR ELECTROANALYTICAL PURPOSES [2]. IN THESE WORK, THE NANO CESIUM-B ZEOLITE MODIFIED ELECTRODE WAS PREPARED BY ION EXCHANGE PROCESS FOR RAPID DETERMINATION OF ATROPIN. THE EFFECT OF THE COMPOSITION OF AGAR-BASED ELECTRODE ON ITS VOLTAMMOGRAMS WAS EVALUATED IN ACIDIC SOLUTION WITH 5.9´10-3 M AT. IT WAS FOUND THAT ADDITION OF NANO CESIUM-B ZEOLITE TO THE AGAR WOULD GENERATE THE PEAK CURRENT OF AT BECAUSE OF ITS CATALYTIC EFFECT ON REDOX PROCESS. THE PH AFFECTS THE PEAK POTENTIAL OF AT. THE BEST VOLTAMMOGRAM WAS OBTAINED AT PH 2.0. THE LINEAR DYNAMIC RANGE WAS 1.0´10-3-1.0´10-2 M UNDER THE OPTIMIZED EXPERIMENTAL CONDITIONS. THE DETECTION LIMIT WAS 6.2´10-4 M. THE EFFECT OF POTENTIAL SCAN RATE ON THE VOLTAMMETRIC PARAMETERS OF AT WAS INVESTIGATED. THE PROPOSED nanosensor WAS APPLIED TO THE DETERMINATION OF AT IN COMMERCIAL SAMPLES, SUCCESSFULLY.

CARBOXYLIC ACIDS ARE EXAMPLES OF COMPOUNDS WITH WIDE INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS AND HIGH POTENTIAL [1]. MALONIC, SALICYLIC, CITRIC AND MALIC ACIDS ARE THE MAIN ORGANIC ACIDS OF FRUITS AND ARE THE MOST IMPORTANT COMPONENTS WHICH WIDE USE IN MEDICINE AND FOOD APPLICATIONS [2]. SALICYLIC ACID (SA) IS A BETA HYDROXY ACID USED IN ORGANIC SYNTHESIS AND FUNCTIONS AS A PLANT HORMONE. IT IS DERIVED FROM THE METABOLISM OF SALICIN. SA IS A MAIN METABOLITE OF ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID, THAT IS, ONE OF THE DRUGS MOST WIDELY USED IN THE WORLD AS A PAINKILLER AND ANTI-INFLAMMATORY, BUT BANNED FROM VETERINARY THERAPEUTIC TREATMENT [3].

THE SENSITIVE DETECTION OF HEAVY METAL IONS USING FLUORESCENCE nanosensorS BASED ON QUANTUM DOTS (QDS) STILL REMAINS ONE OF THE KEY CHALLENGES IN THE DESIGN OF A SENSOR [1-4]. IN THIS WORK, A LIGAND CAPPED CDTE QDS AS A NOVEL FLUORESCENT nanosensor WAS DESIGNED FOR DETECTION AND QUANTIFICATION ...