گیاه آب بشقابی با نام علمی .Centella asiatica (L.) Urban از خانواده چتریان (Apiaceae) می باشد. از هزاران سال پیش در کشورهای آسیای شرقی، هندوستان، چین، اندونزی، سری لانکا و جنوب آفریقا به طور سنتی به کار می رود. این گیاه بومی نواحی گرمسیری دو نیمکره به خصوص سری لانکا و جنوب آفریقا، جنوب شرقی آسیا، هند و قسمت هایی از چین و جنوب غربی دریای ایسلند، ماداگاسکار، جنوب و جنوب شرقی آمریکا، مکزیک، ونزوئلا و کلمبیا است. در نواحی مرطوب هندوستان، پاکستان، سری لانکا تا ارتفاع 700 متری و در ایران این گیاه نم روی و آسیب پذیر تنها در محدوده تالاب انزلی می روید. ترکیبات اصلی این گیاه اسید آسیاتیک، اسید مادکاسسیک و سایر مشتقات گلیکوزیدهای استری تری ترپنی، آسیاتیاکوزید و مادکاسوزید می باشد. این گیاه دارویی در انسان برای درمان بیماری های پوستی، نارسایی دریچه های وریدی اندام ها و عدم تخلیه مناسب خون، عفونت های مایکوباکتریایی و سلولیت به کار می رود. این مقاله سعی دارد تا اطلاعات جامعی در مورد این گیاه دارویی منحصربه فرد و فراموش شده در اختیار علاقه مندان قرار دهد.

امروزه یکی از بزرگترین مشکلات آلودگی هوا در کلان شهرهایی نظیر تهران بزرگ، ذرات معلق ناشی از تردد خودروها، ترافیک سنگین جاده ای و همچنین فعالیت های صنعتی مختلف می باشد. ذرات معلق می تواند طی فرآیندهای مختلف تولید شده و گروه های مخلوط از آلاینده های هوا را بوجود آورند. فرآیند تشکیل ذرات معلق در ابعاد و ترکیب های ساختاری متفاوت به دو پارامتر مکان و زمان انتشار در منبع تولید آلاینده بستگی دارد. با استفاده از مدل سازی ریاضی به منظور پیش بینی نحوه انتشار آلاینده ها می توان اطلاعات مفیدی را برای اجرای آتی استراتژی های کنترل آلودگی و کاهش هزینه های آن فراهم نمود.در این تحقیق مدل ADMS-Urban پس از بررسی 30 مدل به عنوان مدلی با قابلیت های منحصر به فرد انتخاب گردیده است. این مدل برای نخستین بار در رابطه با مدلسازی نحوه انتشار ذرات در شهر تهران با شرایط پیچیده توپوگرافی مورد استفاده قرار گرفته است. توسط این مدل پیشرفته می توان غلظت آلاینده های منتشره از منابع آلاینده به صورت نقطه ای، خطی، حجمی، سطحی را محاسبه و نتایج را در محیط GIS ارایه نمود.با توجه به اندازه گیری های میدانی انجام شده در رابطه با انتشار ذرات در منطقه 22 شهرداری تهران بعنوان مطالعه موردی، برای مدت یکسال، هر ماه به مدت یک هفته، هر روز در دو نوبت صبح و بعد از ظهر در 13 ایستگاه اندازه گیری سیار، مقادیر غلظت ذرات معلق و پارامترهای هواشناسی منطقه نظیر سرعت و جهت باد، دما، پوشش ابر ... به عنوان داده های ورودی به مدل ADMS-Urban مورد استفاده قرار گرفته و نتایج حاصل از اجرای مدل در محیط GIS منطقه 22 ارایه گردیده است. مقایسه نتایج حاصل از اجرای این مدل ریاضی با مدل اینونتوری (بانک اطلاعاتی) آلاینده های هوای منطقه 22 نشانگر همخوانی بسیار مناسب حاصل از مدلسازی ریاضی با داده های واقعی اندازه گیری شده می باشد. نتایج نشان می دهد به علت حجم بالای وسایل نقلیه عبوری و ترافیک جاده ای اتوبان تهران- کرج و ورودی شرقی منطقه 22 بیشترین غلظت ذرات معلق را دارا می باشند. توسط این مدل می توان نحوه توزیع انتشار ذرات را در مناطق شهری (که از ناهمواری های پیچیده ای برخوردارند) با لحاظ نمودن کلیه اثرات در رابطه با مشخصات زبری سطح، موانع و ساختمانها و ناهمواری های کوهستانی بخوبی پیش بینی نمود.

As the most complex manufactured structures, cities face excessive population growth. Their expansion has intensified on high-risk sites, and the available evidence also indicates the continuous increase of all types of natural crises in terms of intensity and frequency. Scientific and experimental findings show that the best way to deal with danger is to promote the resilience of settlements in different dimensions (social, economic-livelihood, physical-spatial and institutional); in other words, resilience in both human and environmental dimensions comprehensively. It decreases and increases. This research has evaluated and analyzed the components of resilience in Sari. The method of the present study is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical and field in nature. The statistical population in this research includes citizens living in the four districts of Sari, and the sample size was determined based on Cochran's formula of 383 people, who were selected from among the statistical population by stratified sampling. The questionnaire is the method of collecting library and field information and its most important tool. For data analysis, descriptive and inferential statistics (one-sample t-test and structural equation modeling) were used by SPSS and Smart PLS software, and entropy and SAW models were exerted. The research results indicate that the situation of the four regions of Sari regarding social components has better conditions than other dimensions of resilience. In terms of institutional components, they have a vulnerable state. According to the entropy model, among the components of resilience, the institutional dimension has the most weight, and the economic dimension has the least weight. Moreover, according to the SAV model, Region 1 ranks first, and Region 3 of Sari ranks last in having the components of resilience dimensions.

مقدمه: مناطق کم برخوردار شهری، نمادهای عینی بی عدالتی محسوب می شوند. این موضوع حاصل برآمد سیاست ها و ساز و کارهای موجود اقتصادی- اجتماعی و ناکارآمدی نظام و ساختار مدیریت شهری است. نبود ساز و کار عملی برای سنجش عدالت و شناسایی و انتخاب مداخلات مناسب برای رفع بی عدالتی، توسعه شهری را با مشکل و سیاست گذاران را با عدم اطمینان از درستی انتخاب خود و مشارکت ذی نفعان را با موانعی روبرو ساخته است. این مطالعه با هدف افزایش مشارکت مردم، توسعه همکاری بین بخشی و تقویت توان سیاست گذاران برای شناخت دقیق مخاطرات اجتماعی و پیامدهای آنها به ویژه آثار بی عدالتی و رفع آن، به بررسی شاخص های حاکمیت شهری شهر تهران پرداخته است تا زمینه تغییرات در فرآیندها و ترتیبات نهادی به منظور نیل به حاکمیت خوب و عادلانه شهری را مهیا سازد.روش کار: این پژوهش توصیفی بر اساس رویکرد حکم روایی در الگوی Urban HEART به عنوان چارچوب سنجش عدالت در شهر و عملکرد مناطق 22 گانه شهرداری تهران در زمینه های پاسخگویی نظام مند و شفاف به شهروندان، مشارکت اجتماعی آنان، میزان فعالیت های استاندارد و رضایت مندی شهروندان با استفاده از تحلیل ثانویه اسناد و داده های شهرداری های مناطق، معاونت های کل و سازمان های وابسته و نظرسنجی ها و افکارسنجی های صورت گرفته در سال 1386 توسط مراکز رسیدگی به درخواست ها و شکایات و پایگاه های تحقیقاتی صورت گرفت. سنجش معیار میزان فرآیندهای استاندارد، به شیوه پیمایشی صورت گرفت.یافته ها: مطالعه نشان داد میزان رضایت شهروندان از عملکرد شهرداری تهران حدود %57 یعنی در حد متوسط رو به پایین، مشارکت اجتماعی آنها در ارتقای خدمات شهرداری معادل %87.1، گزارش دهی نظام مند شهرداری برابر 3.37 از 10 یعنی ضعیف، و ارزیابی وضعیت شش فرآیند استاندارد «نه چندان مناسب» بوده است.نتیجه گیری: بررسی شاخص های حیطه حاکمیت از منظر عدالت به تفکیک مناطق 22 گانه شهرداری تهران نشان می دهد که عملکرد کلی شهرداری در سال 1386 در محورهای پاسخگویی، مشارکت با مردم، رضایت مندی شهروندان و استاندارد عمل کردن، حدود %55.32 بوده که بیانگر عملکرد متوسط است.

A B S T R A C TToday, all officials involved with the challenges of city sustainability have accepted the idea of a smarter city, using more technologies, creating better living conditions and protecting the environment for a better quality of life. The central part of the metropolis of Tabriz is based on Region 8 and part of Region 10, a historical-cultural area with an area of 286 hectares and a population of about 40 thousand people in 8 neighbourhoods. This research was compiled to evaluate and explain the regeneration of the central part of Tabriz city with the approach of smart growth and in line with the sustainable development of problematic neighbourhoods in the 8th district of Tabriz metropolis. The present review is methodologically practical, to describe and analyze the goals of regeneration based on library studies. The statistical population of the research includes experts and people living in the central context. In the first part, the Delphi method was used by asking experts. In the second part, the structural equation method of SPSS and AMOS software is used. According to the results of using the scales of design, pedestrian-oriented, intergenerational justice in the actual situation and 3 indicators of management and productivity, stable and value-creating jobs are in the potential situation. Also, two environmental indicators with the most direct and indirect effects and a cultural index have been decisive in the regeneration with the smart growth approach in the central part of Tabriz city. Therefore, in the regeneration of the central part, the studied indicators should be used simultaneously and integrated into the reconstruction projects of the central fabric of the city to lead to smart sustainabilityExtended AbstractIntroductionSmart growth is considered a lever for revitalizing neighborhoods and urban centers. In a general scenario of smart growth, knowing the time and resources of investment provides a new and sustainable life in the city center and worn-out and old textures. Moreover, finally, it will improve the quality of urban neighborhoods, especially worn-out ones, and revive them. Tabriz metropolis, one of the most important and largest cities in the country, with a long history of settlement, especially the central and old texture, due to developments in information and communication technology, extensive environmental, social, and economic changes in terms of time requirements, the traditional texture of roads, Deterioration of residential units, lack of equipment, infrastructure and urban services and environmental problems have caused the failure and physically turned into inefficient and problematic textures. Urban planning and development science must adopt a new decision and approach to face the existing and complex issues of worn-out texture. The main problem of the research is to evaluate and explain the regeneration of the central texture and strengthen them in line with the sustainable development of the problematic neighborhoods of Tabriz metropolis according to the solutions and principles of smart urban growth. Therefore, the main goal of this research is to answer the following question:- What are the effective indicators and components in the regeneration of the central texture of Tabriz metropolis with a smart growth approach? MethodologyThis research is applied and fundamental in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical. The collection methods are based on documentary and library studies, surveys, and interviews. In the first part, qualitative data was prepared with an open questionnaire and through interviews, as well as the review of documents and quantitative data used in this research numerically and through the weighting of Delphi questionnaires based on the consensus index model to determine importance, certainty, and priority. The panel members were 19 people (including 5 university faculty members, 7 field research experts, 4 executive experts, and 3 graduate students) selected based on the non-probability (targeted) method. In the second part, Cronbach's alpha method was exerted to measure the reliability of the questions, which was obtained as 0.89. In order to evaluate the validity of the questionnaire, the Lawshe method was exploited. The statistical population of the second part includes District 8 of Tabriz, which is the central texture of the city and is equal to 34,231 people. According to Cochran's formula, the sample size was equal to 379 people. Results and discussionIn the next step, path analysis was performed using AMOS 23 software to compare the integrated model with the hypotheses. The results of the path analysis, while verifying the structures, show that the value of the index of the critical ratio to the degree of freedom (CMIN/DF) is equal to 4.01, which is an optimal value for the model fit. Also, the goodness of fit index (GFI) is 0.952, which indicates the acceptability of this amount for the optimal fit of the model. The value of the root means the square error of estimation (RMSEA) is 0.065, which is acceptable because it is smaller than 0.08 and indicates the confirmation of the research model. Also, the Tucker-Lewis index (TLI) is 0.917, the comparative fit index (CFI) is 0.92, and the normalized parsimonious fit index (PNFI) is 0.882, which all indicate that the fit and verification of the research model are desirable.Therefore, none of the objects are removed and remain in the model. Therefore, it is confirmed that the factor structure of regeneration indicators with the smart growth approach has reliability and construct validity. Also, the second-order factor analysis shows that the factor loadings of all regeneration indicators with the smart growth approach are greater than 0.4 and are significant at the 95% probability level. According to the results, the environmental dimension with a factor loading of 0.94 has the most significant effect on urban regeneration with the smart growth approach in the central texture of Tabriz city. After that, quality of life with a factor loading of 0.92, social dimension with a factor loading of 0.88, economic dimension with a factor loading of 0.83, physical dimension with a factor loading of 0.81, transportation dimension with a factor loading of 0.74 and cultural dimension in order with a factor loading of 0.72, are in the following ranks.According to the final structural model results, the environmental index has the highest value, with a direct effect of 0.594 and an indirect effect of 0.275. Moreover, after that, respectively, the quality of life index with a direct effect of 0.513 and an indirect effect of 0.236, a social index with a direct effect of 0.476 and an indirect effect of 0.217, an economic index with a direct effect of 0.451 and an indirect effect of 0.222, Physical with the direct effect of 0.435 and indirect effect of 0.205, mobility index with the direct effect of 0.373 and indirect effect of 0.182 and cultural index with the effect of direct values of 0.295 and indirect effect of 0.153 are influential in regeneration with smart growth approach in the central part of Tabriz city. ConclusionIn this research, seven main indicators related to the subject were investigated. The results showed that the environmental index with the most significant direct and indirect effect is the focus of the evaluation. After that, dimensions and indicators of quality of life, social index, economic index, physical index, mobility index, and cultural index have been influential. According to the results, the urban environment index was analyzed as the most important factor at a high level, and this means that for urban regeneration with a smart growth approach, improving the environmental and physical conditions in the worn-out and central texture of Tabriz city in the current situation is a priority. It is first. This is the most well-known part of regeneration with a smart growth approach. The analysis results show that this is not the case only in the case of transportation infrastructure. However, more comprehensive urban infrastructure such as the urban landscape, open spaces, green and parks, etc. are also crucial in improving the physical conditions of the infrastructure. Also, this study's results show that the economic sector's importance is as important as improving the physical conditions of the infrastructure. In addition, in the worn-out texture of District 8 of Tabriz city, the sociocultural sector is essential, and the revival of historical and cultural resources is considered one of the urban regeneration options. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work.  Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. AcknowledgmentsWe are grateful to all the scientific.

گونه Centella asiatica از تیره چتریان دارای 40 گونه در سرتاسر جهان است این گیاه دارای خواص دارویی متعدد از جمله کمک به افزایش حافظه و یادگیری، کاهش طول درمان زخم، خواص آنتی اکسیدان بالا، کاهش قند خون، ضد التهاب، حفاظت از سلول های عصبی و قلبی است. پراکنش این گیاه در استان گیلان می باشد و جمع آوری نمونه ها و مواد گیاهی در سه فاز مختلف رشد و نموی گیاه یعنی ابتدای فصل رشد در اواخر اسفندماه، در زمان گل دهی و میوه دهی در اردیبهشت ماه و پایان فصل رشد در مهرماه انجام گرفت. نتایج نشان می دهند که بازدهی اسانس 16% حجمی وزنی و بیشترین میزان ترکیبات مربوطه به فاز پایان فصل رشد با شناسایی 54 ترکیب که 92.78% کل ترکیبات را شامل می شدند، می باشد. سسکویی ترپن ها بالاترین دسته اصلی ترکیبات اسانس و Germacrene- D با 45.43% بالاترین میزان ترکیبات را نشان می دهند.

آب بشقابی (Centella asiatica (L. ) Urban) گیاه دارویی از خانواده چتریان به عنوان گونه ای در معرض انقراض در ایران شناخته شده است. این گیاه دارای خواص درمانی متعدد از جمله بهبود حافظه، ضد سرطان و درمان بیماری های پوستی است و همچنین خواص آنتی اکسیدانی بالایی دارد. کشت سلول و بافت گیاهی ابزاری مهم در مطالعات پایه و دارای کاربردهای تجاری است. با روش کشت بافت می توان در مورد اصلاح گیاهان دارویی و یا تغییر در میزان متابولیت های ثانویه اقدام نمود. با توجه به ارزش بالای آب بشقابی می توان از کشت درون شیشه ای برای تولید بیشتر این گیاه بهره برد. بهینه سازی فرآیند کشت بافت برای انجام تحقیقات کاربردی و مهندسی متابولیک مسیرهای بیوسنتزی انواع متابولیت های ثانویه مفید است. تحقیق حاضر با هدف دستیابی به یک پروتوکل مناسب برای تکثیر درون شیشه ای و تعیین غلظت های مناسب تنظیم کننده های رشد برای ریزازدیادی این گونه ارزشمند انجام شد. اثر متقابل BAP )0، 1، 2 و 3 میلی گرم بر لیتر) و IBA (0، 0. 5 و 1 میلی گرم بر لیتر) بر شاخه زایی از ریزنمونه گره در محیط کشت MS بررسی شد. سپس، ریشه زایی ریزنمونه های تکثیریافته با استفاده از IBA و NAA ارزیابی گردید. نتایج نشان داد که MS دارای 2 میلی گرم بر لیتر BAP و 1 میلی گرم بر لیتر IBA و MS دارای 1 میلی گرم بر لیتر IBA به ترتیب مناسب ترین محیط های کشت جهت شاخه زایی و ریشه زایی بودند.

ABSTRACT The attention of contemporary planners to environmental factors and increasing awareness and communication of man with his surrounding environment has increased the layers and defining factors of design and planning concepts. In such a way, a common problem with the issue of environmental capabilities to respond was put in front of the planners. The collection of ideas presented in this era was in the form of responsive planning, focusing on the maximum use of environmental capabilities. The necessity of the emergence of a comprehensive discourse to overcome the plurality of factors, definitions and design methods in the environmental fields has been given less attention. Based on this, the current research aims to organize the leading theories in this field in a targeted manner and seeks to improve them based on their synergy. The structural question of this research is the meanings, examples and meaningful contexts of flexibility in various aspects and scales of urban planning. The research method used is qualitative thematic analysis with the help of artificial intelligence in MAXQDA software in a 6-step processing process. The important application of this research is to structure the minds of the planners of this field to reduce the scattered and interdisciplinary problems of the resources. The results of this research revealed dimensions such as identification and recognizability, diversity and changeability, adaptability and expandability, distribution, separation and continuity, organization and compatibility in the field of flexibility and related to the corresponding parts in urban planning   Extended Abstract Introduction Responsiveness-based design and planning emphasizing the maximum use of environmental capacities to meet users' needs implicitly cause a targeted improvement of environmental quality. As the environmental awareness of contemporary man has expanded and the platforms have become more diverse, many challenges are raised in the field of environment-oriented in the field of infrastructure quality and service provision. Urban developments and new developments in cities should be interpreted with integrated conceptualization. The conceptualization of interpretive flexibility in the planning and designing of public spaces in the city is used as an interdisciplinary perspective in urban space design to open and discuss its connection and potential as an approach to strengthening social cohesion and inclusion. The general definition of flexibility is that it can create places with new forms of meaning and be used for different groups to strengthen its coherence and multidisciplinary inclusion in terms of design and planning of space and body. On this basis, the concept of flexibility is proposed as a principle in the context of design and planning due to its wide range of effects on background phenomena. The history of such a role can be seen in the diversity of users' needs. In such a way, it is impossible to express the specific time and area of the need to pay attention to this concept. This is in line with Oldenburg's theory of "social public spaces," in which being in public space, communicating with people and the environment through observing the streets, sidewalks, squares, and parks of the city is a necessary step for people as a part of their social life. The meaningfulness of the design of the artificial environment was considered. In any case, in the contemporary era, on the one hand, at the same time as the quantitative and qualitative increase of human environmental awareness, there is no longer any phenomenon in the eyes of contemporary man arising from a unique aspect and range of factors. On the other hand, his life needs in the individual and collective dimensions have seen a high diversity, which has led to the formation of multiple semantic domains of past flexibility. The meaning of flexibility in such an interdisciplinary platform and basic design refers to the concept of understanding and responding quickly and efficiently to environmental changes. Such a holistic definition for this broad field of environmental design means the implicit acceptance of the role of scale in the meaningful domain of these concepts. On a macro scale, it means making design options to increase the presence, participation, and power of choices of users of the environment in participatory urban planning and design methods, and on a small scale, it means making design options to increase spatial quality and, as a result, the quality of activities. The daily activities of environmental users are through selection against the "dominant space." Flexibility at different scales is crucial for dimensional optimization, shaping, and structuring spatial features, leading to improved performance of space components and spaces. The development of the concept of "flexibility" from various studies in metropolitan to micro scales, such as interior architecture, allows it to pass the discourse of responsiveness to provide a broad approach to environmental design in which different values, interests, and priorities are prioritized. As a result, the issue of flexibility in environmental design has been raised as a multi-dimensional field in the design and planning of the basic environment. The breadth and complexity of this concept have made the researchers of this field deal with it in one or more ways, and it has been avoided to provide a comprehensive framework about the nature and structuring processes. The current research presents a structured view of flexibility in architecture and urban planning with an environmental approach.   Methodology The methodology to achieve this goal is to use the macro research method and achieve a comprehensive framework by combining categorized interpretations. In such a way that by sorting and categorizing these concepts and bases in a new way, he has found a new level of theoretical findings, which will be a suitable answer for the gaps in scientific knowledge and scientific methods created in this field. In this context, the research method "thematic analysis" has been used with a qualitative approach and the use of library resources. Also, to overcome the breadth and complexity of these concepts and the multi-layer networking of concepts in this research method, artificial intelligence has been used in MAXQDA research assistance software.   Results and discussion In the meantime, attention should also be paid to the fields of influence and application of the results of this research because designers refer to flexibility as the creator of environmental qualities, including dynamism. Also, since flexibility, along with the principles of readability and adaptability, affect the lifestyle and behavioral patterns of the audience of environmental design in architecture and urban planning, it will also be effective in dealing with the challenge of complexity in environmental design factors. One of the key questions for achieving research goals on this issue is how flexibility in environmental design impacts the relationship between flexibility and scale.   Conclusion The most important finding of this research suggests that first, it requires a focus on the conditions under which the processes of perceiving human abilities and discovering the needs of the human audience can manifest. The theoretical framework arises from a comparative approach between design disciplines. These conditions are independent of the final state of the design product, and strengthening the environmental capacities will lead to a direction and an area that includes environmental flexibility. By responding to new situations, the construction of the space and the body within a space building can be adapted to various configurations. Even though the environment may remain constant, the designed place will continue functioning as a strong living system over time.  It also seems that the nature of issues related to flexibility has complexity. Considering that the quality of flexibility in urban planning and architecture is significant in multilevel and multifaceted scales from micro to macro, it is important to pay attention to the scale of different variables. In order to reduce this problem, the consistency and adjustment of the scale of the variables measured in a specific analysis should be considered in the first step.   Funding There is no funding support.   Authors’ Contribution All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work.   Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest.   Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific.

ABSTRACT With the expansion of inefficient tissues, "Urban regeneration" has been objectified as a solution for developing cities in different physical, social and economic dimensions. Despite the development of the guidelines for urban regeneration projects, these projects in Iran still have challenges in the stage of realization and implementation. This article aims to identify the "challenges and causes of non-realization of urban regeneration projects in Iran" and analyse the research conducted in this field with a qualitative approach. For this purpose, a meta-analysis of 23 articles in the field of problems of urban regeneration projects in Iran was carried out. The challenges raised in the AtlasTI software were extracted with the help of open and axial coding. In the following, 100 codes were determined in the form of 10 groups or general categories. In the end, the obstacles to the realization of urban regeneration projects in Iran were given. According to the obtained results, the weak presence of non-governmental organizations, the problems of preparing plans, institutional and management problems, and the weakness of participation are the four most important and frequent challenges in the research related to the realization of urban regeneration projects in Iran Extended Abstract Introduction The trend of urban population growth and the expansion of inefficient urban fabrics along with the increasing immigrant population to the cities makes the planners think of filling the existing urban fabrics with excessive density and land use change, instead of the city horizontal development with regard to the urban sustainable development prism. Poor housing, low per capita services, lack of necessary infrastructure, low quality of life, economic stagnation and functional inefficiency, unorganized physical-spatial structure, high vulnerability to earthquakes, loss of social status, and various social problems exemplify the typical challenges of such deteriorated areas. Deterioration of the urban fabric has prompted the emergence of various urban development policies among which regeneration as an overarching approach characterized by its economic, social, environmental, physical, ecological dimensions and components including quality of life, justice, revitalization and participation. This concept, as an urban development policy, has been defined and applied in the vulnerable and deteriorated areas of cities in recent years. Started from physical redevelopment in the Second World War and passing through policies concentrated on social and economic welfare, urban regeneration policies moved towards the participation of local residents and the creation of sustainable places in recent decades. However, taking into consideration the manifestation challenges of urban development plans, in the existing literature, urban regeneration challenges have been less comprehensively investigated. This paper aims to identify the "challenges and causes of lack of urban regeneration plans manifestation in Iran" based on the review and analysis of the research conducted in this field with a qualitative approach in response to this question: "What are the challenges and obstacles to the manifestation of urban regeneration projects in Iran?”   Methodology This research aims to identify "challenges and obstacles to the manifestation of urban regeneration projects in Iran" through a meta-analysis of the research conducted in this field. Conducting a systematic search in Magiran, comprehensive humanities portal, and Google Scholar databases using the Boolean logic search used the keyword (challenges) AND key phrases (‘manifestation of plans’ AND ‘urban regeneration in Iran’) resulted in more than 70 Persian papers, 2 English papers, and 2 English theses. The reviewed studies included research and review papers, case study research, and the special issue of urban regeneration policy of Haft Shahr Journal. The geographical scope of the investigated studies covers the historical contexts of Iran, and metropolises such as Tehran, Tabriz, Shiraz, and Isfahan. Reviewing the abstracts, 23 studies were selected among which the research focusing on the different types of regeneration, and evaluation of urban regeneration indicators were excluded from the research process. To conduct meta-analysis after a comprehensive review of each study, open and focused coding of challenges was done through Atlas.ti software (version 8), and the obstacles to the manifestation of the plans were extracted. Coding process continued until the saturation was reached. Finally, the 115 codes obtained was reduced to 100 through integrating similar codes. Then, all the codes were categorized into 10 categories, and a comprehensive model of "challenges of manifestation of urban regeneration projects in Iran" was presented.   Results and discussion Based on the conducted review, the recognized problems with emphasis on the different aspects of urban regeneration projects are: 1) Weak presence of non-governmental organizations (18 codes); 2) Problems of preparing plans (17 codes); 3) Institutional and managerial problems (14 codes); 4) Weakness of participation (13 codes); 5) Duration and financial problems of urban regeneration plans (10 codes); 6) Problems of urban regeneration plans process (8 codes); 7) loss of identity of fabrics in the preparation of the plan (6 codes); 8) Lack of context-oriented approach (7 codes); 9) inefficient evaluation of plans (4 codes); 10) lack of social and specialized training for citizens and officials (3 codes). The lack of endogenous theory and insufficient knowledge of the environment and residents obstacle the manifestation of urban regeneration plans. Despite pretending the use of non-governmental organizations, the relevant law weaknesses, and the lack of belief in the effectiveness of it has led to disregard of the participation of non-governmental organizations in practice in the process of preparing and implementing development plans resulting in an inadequate context for manifestation of urban regeneration plans. In addition, the government supervision on NGO’s in the way of achieving independence has also caused limitations for their interplay. In terms of the issues in the preparation of plans, more emphasis on the physical and economic dimensions and the purely physical view, and the lack of attention to the social and cultural consequences, along with the loss of the community identity, are the factors of the failure of the plans to achieve the expected results. The lack of coordination between programs and multiple decision-makers led to the institutional confrontation instead of interaction. In this regard, the necessity of an integrated and comprehensive approach to urban regeneration has been acknowledged in the reviewed studies. NGO’s can play an effective role in communicating with citizens, educating citizens and informing them. It is also necessary to have the participation of the private sector and other organizations involved in the field of urban development in addition to public participation in all steps of preparation, implementation and occupation of projects and development plans. In the absence of a context-oriented approach in the preparation and implementation of urban regeneration plans in Iran with blind imitation of western models and the existence of limited urban infrastructure, following consequences are inevitable: uncertainty in terms of time, cost and site preparation before the implementation of the plan; lack of definition of urban regeneration plans in the different scales, neighborhood, region and city; and the uncertainty of the relationship between these plans and other urban development plans. As such in the current inadequate conditions driving the process of preparing plans, the possibility of implementing new policies and plans, is low and the implemented plans like many other urban development plans in Iran, are inefficient in the absence of the post occupancy evaluation.   Conclusion Based on the results, four priority challenges in the manifestation of urban regeneration plans in Iran include; the weak presence of non-governmental organizations, the problems of preparing plans, institutional and managerial issues, and the weakness of participation. "The weak presence of non-governmental organizations" has been mentioned as the first challenge in most reviewed studies (Ahmadifar et al., 2014). Regarding the "participation of citizens" even though in the set of laws and regulations of sustainable urban regeneration, promotion of citizenship culture, participation, and cooperation of local institutions are highlighted, the residents are not welcomed in practice. On the other hand, the lack of people's participation in the preparation and implementation of plans has made any urban regeneration actions fail or achieve to its partial goals. In this regard, the results of the previous comparative comparisons have shown that the lack of laws and regulations supporting participation in various fields is of the key factors (Nourian and Ariana, 2011, Shafie Dastjerdi and Sadeghi, 2016). The problems of preparing plans, institutional and managerial issues, ranked as the third and fourth issues in this study, have been emphasized in previous studies as well (Kalantari Khalil Abad et al., Pakro and Sattarzadeh, 2014, Izadi et al., 2019). Therefore, prioritizing the challenges raised by experts and determining operational strategies to solve them are issues that can be addressed in future studies.   Keywords Urban regeneration plans, manifestation, meta-analysis   Funding There is no funding support.   Authors’ Contribution All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work.   Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest.

Ants are a major part of the ecosystem as they assist in the decomposition process and improve soil quality. In this study the species richness and biodiversity of these arthropods was assessed in the habitats with varying degrees of human impact in Shiraz, Fars Province, southern Iran. To this end, six habitats including three city parks with the least amount of human destruction (Be’sat, Janat, Babakoohi), two habitats with high amount of manipulation in order to agriculture and urbanization (a field and a destroyed garden) and a natural park without any human manipulation as control, were chosen and sampled bimonthly during 2015 and 2106. A total of 6270 ant workers belonging to 30 species, 12 genera, and three subfamilies were recorded. The most abundant subfamily was Formicinae (16 species) followed by Myrmicinae (12 species), and Dolichoderinae (two species). The biodiversity indices showed a greater diversity in both natural park and urban landscape: Be’sat and Janat parks, with the lowest amount of human effects, respectively as well as Babakoohi and the lowest in the field and destroyed garden. Although a significant difference was observed with the habitats (F= 4.255, P=0.004) and the months (F= 4.327, P=0.002) of sampling, there was not a significant difference between Babakoohi, natural park, Janat and Be’sat parks (P>0.05) nor between field and destroyed garden (P>0.05).