پژوهش های فلسفی - کلامی
سال:1392 | دوره:14 | شماره:3-4 |تعداد مقالات:14

By laying down the principles of probabilities arithmetic, Mohammad Baqir Sadr tried to offer a new reading of argument from design to be efficient for proving the Necessary. The concept of probability has particular complexities and dual meaning from its very initial proposition (statistical probability and epistemological probability). This duality caused different interpretation of probabilities arithmetic. Based on his own basic principles and by using such concepts as non-detailed knowledge and subjective certainty, Sadr regarded the probability the degree of rational belief which is based on external evidence. Having differentiated between conditional and independent probabilities, he scientifically-inductively arranged the hypothesis of believing in God. Thinkers, especially some contemporary Muslim thinkers, criticized the application of probabilities arithmetic in the argument from design. Some thinkers essentially disagreed with the empirical nature of this argumentation and others permitted the application of probabilities arithmetic not only in proving the existence of God but also in the scope of conceptual intellect by referring to the principle of non-difference and sameness of members of a probable set, but reject it as making certainty. Having reviewed the concept of "probability" and its different interpretations, the present paper seeks to provide a criterion for selecting a proper definition. Then it exposes Sadr' s argument and tries to find appropriate answers for criticisms and doubts cast on this kind of argumentation.

Emotional modes are among man's most important behaviors and influence all his behaviors and decision makings due to their particular features. Martha Craven Nussbaum is a contemporary western philosopher who has put on her agenda the philosophical study of emotion. He tries to define emotion, which is a human component, as a basis for ethics in contemporary western where ethics has lost his main bases. To this end, she formulates the value- cognitive theory of emotions and studies emotions as human component. The present paper seeks to investigate the question how emotions are cognitive. What are 7 the parameters and features of emotions as considered cognitive? Does the fact that emotions are cognitive mean that they are conscious and reasonable.Emotions are neither conscious nor reasonable; rather, they are the outcome of unconscious affairs in man's mind. Social norms, physical conditions, metaphysical beliefs, language and everyday habits along with individual' s emotions, historical perceptions and sensory comprehensions form some values for him/her, which result in issuing value-seeking orders.

One of the most important and necessary activities which should be taken into consideration in research on mysticism is the criticism, analysis and complete recognition of each stage of mystical journey. This can help us to get more acquainted with theoretical and practical principles of mysticism and better understand the minutes of mystical texts. Attentive control of oneself is one of the most important states and stages of mystical journey, which has an influential role in mystical journey. Mystical texts have broad topics on the definition and explanation of stages, degrees, signs and results of attentive control of oneself. These topics are so diverse and numerous that it is impossible to elaborate on the minutes of this stage without providing an exact 4 and systematic design. The present paper seeks to criticize and analyze this mystical state as a coherent design.