پیشرفت های حسابداری
سال:1392 | دوره: | شماره: |تعداد مقالات:7

Introduction:Recent financial scandals worldwide have triggered concerns and worries about both audit quality and dependability of financial statements. To ease these worries, supervising and policy making organizations like Securities and Exchange Organization have initiated attempts to find solutions, one of which is rendering rotation of auditing firms and audit partner mandatory. This theory, however, has its supporters and adversaries. Each of these groups proposes their own logic regarding this case. The logic of the group in favor of mandatory laws is that in case of mandatory rotation, auditors will have to work more carefully due to unfamiliarity with the new business unit; moreover, they will experience a higher degree of independence on the account of the fact that less managerial pressure would be exerted on them. Nonetheless, the logic of the opposing group is that changing the auditor will bring about a problem; the auditor will not be well acquainted with the client and the client account, a fact which will in turn result in decreased audit quality.

Introduction:Many countries accepted international financial reporting standards. The degree of acceptance differs from complete acceptance to some acceptance of standards, or for some of companies. Convergence of accounting standards is a world-wide issue. Iranian accounting standard is based mainly to IFRS's, with some differences. This study investigates the opinion of three financial statements users (financial managers, auditors, and professional investors) about the current differences of Iranian and international financial accounting standards. We limit the range of study to 16 main differences highlighted in the last paragraph of Iranian accounting standard. However, there are a lot of differences in the details of the two sets of standards that are largely related to the limitation of methods in Iranian accounting standards. For example, the LIFO is not accepted for inventory valuation.

Introduction:This study is motivated by two factors. First, while there is extensive literature that discusses the role of ownership structure in corporate governance and other factors around the world (Schleifer and Vishny, 1997; La Porta et al. 1999), there is scarce evidence from prior literature that empirically examine the relationship between ownership structure and information content of reported earnings in less developed economies. Second, there is limited evidence from prior studies that look into the role of institutional investors as a determinant of ownership structure and this paper is the first to investigate the role of institutional investors by examining the effect of institutional ownership on information content of reported earnings in Iran economy.

Introduction:The changing trends from traditional economy (land, labor and financial) to knowledge-intensive economy during the last two centuries, have made service based industries take the major share in the value creation process especially in developed societies. On the other hand, one of the most significant resources, which the users use to make decisions, is the group of reports called financial reports. In recent years, following the bankruptcy of some large companies in the world, researchers and financial analysts, in addition to considering the earnings quantity, note earnings quality as well.

Introduction:In the discussion of auditors' independence, two aspects are under consideration: independence in appearance and independence in fact. Independence in appearance focuses on auditors' relationship with client management from the third parties point of view and independence in fact is related to the auditors' state of mind in the audit process: having an unbiased mental attitude (Bartlett, 1993) or maintaining an objective and impartial mental attitude (Sridharan et al., 2002) throughout the audit from planning the audit, gathering and evaluating the evidence to issuing the audit report. Particularly, in an auditor's conflict of interest situation, taking an unbiased viewpoint (Ames & Loebbeck, 1997)/maintaining an independent mind, in order to make a judgment free from influences of the conflict on auditor's utility becomes more important.

Introduction:All the studies about the performance measurement are classified in two categories: First, those which are concerned with the performance measuring systems (PMSs) as a whole and second, those studies which are concentrating on the measuring criteria and reasons of using PMSs. The former are typically theoretical, fundamental, and holistic studies and the latter are mainly known as empirical and or semi-empirical researches which are generally practical and field studies.

Introduction:Jensen (1986) predicts that when managers maintain more free cash flow in hand, they commit opportunistic behaviors such as investing in projects with fewer net cash, less amount of effort for creating revenues, causing more unnecessary expenses, wasting revenues, and other such things. He also predicts that an increase in financial leverage enforces managers to be more disciplined and would reduce their opportunistic behaviors, because paying debt reduces the free cash flow. On the other hand, establishing debt has influence on free cash flows. Therefore, there is an interaction between risk of free cash flow and establishing a debt. Also there are other factors that influence both of these factors. Consequently, this research tests the efficiency of the ownership structure and the debt policy as a mechanism of resolution of agency conflicts between shareholders and managers due to the problem of overinvestment, and in the limitation of the problem of the free cash flow. In other words, in this study the free cash flow theory of Jensen (1986) with some of relevant variable are investigated.