سال:1399 | دوره: | شماره: |تعداد مقالات:8

humans, in facing changes in the internal environment or the social environment, often ask themselves what strategy to choose against these changes, strategies that guarantee optimal health in their physical, psychological, and social dimensions. If no immediate answer is found for this question, the brain is in trouble to find the preferences in choosing the possible options, and thus, the concept of social stress is formed [1]. Also, when the choices include concurrent benefits and risks, the context of the stressful processes in the brain is created....

Background: Dental Pulp Stem Cells (DPSCs) are multipotent mesenchymal stem cells. DPSCs can renew themselves and differentiate into various cell types such as adipocytes, osteocytes, neurons, etc. DPSCs possess immunomodulatory properties and can inhibit Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cell (PBMC) proliferation. Recent studies showed that conditioned-medium mesenchymal stem cells also had immunosuppressive activity. The ability of DPSC conditioned medium to suppress proliferation of allogeneic PBMC determined using BrdU (5-bromo-2’-deoxyuridine) proliferation assay. Materials and Methods: Dental pulp stem cells were extracted from a wisdom tooth. These cells are characterized for differentiation potential to adipogenic and osteogenic lineage and expression of mesenchymal stem cells markers, including CD105, CD73, CD90, CD14, CD-34, and CD45. The characterized DPSCs were cultured, and the Conditioned Medium (CM) got isolated. Stimulated and non-stimulated PBMCs from the allogeneic donor were cultured with DPSC-CM for 24, 48, and 72 hours. The proliferation of PBMCs was measured with BrdU assay. Results: The BrdU test results showed that DPSC-CM reduced allogeneic PBMC proliferation at different time points. DPSC-CM could inhibit stimulated and non-stimulated PBMC in 48 and 72 hours after incubation. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that DPSC-CM had an immunomodulatory effect on the proliferation of allogeneic cells.

Background: Probiotics are live microorganisms with many health benefits for their host. The intestinal microbiota are the largest source of microbial variation and plays a significant role in host responses in health and disease. However, few studies have assessed the repercussions of probiotics regarding the morphology and immunology of the gastrointestinal tract in animal models. This study was designed to evaluate the effect of administering capsulated Saccharomyces species on gastrointestinal tract properties in rats. Materials and Methods: In this study mice rats were feed with Saccharomyces Boulardii intwo forms of capsulated and free. IgA was measured in duodenal and jejunal washings using ELISA assay according to the manufacturer’ s instructions. Results: Probiotic S. boulardii could increase IgA secretion from duodenum and jejunum in comparison with the control group, and this increase was significant in microencapsulated S. boulardiitreated group and in the duodenum of S. boulardii-treated group (P<0. 05). Interestingly, IgA secretion was significantly higher in the intestines of rats treated with microencapsulated S. boulardii (P<0. 05). Conclusion: It can be concluded that S. boulardii is a potential probiotic yeast with immunostimulatory effects which can be used in the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders.

Background: Exposure to Sulfur Mustard (SM) leads to short-and long-term adverse effects on various organs, including the skin. Despite several studies on long-term clinical manifestations of skin toxicity in SM-exposed individuals, the pathogenesis of SM-induced skin disorders is not fully understood. Materials and Methods: As part of Sardasht-Iran Cohort Study (SICS), this study aimed to find out the possibility of any correlation between the serums level of Nitric Oxide (NO) and skin problems due to the long-term effect of SM as well as the kind of skin illness. In this historical cohort study, 372 male SM-exposed subjects and 128 age-matched unexposed controls were studied. Clinical evaluation was carried out for all participants, and their serum concentration of NO was measured. Results: According to our results, the Mean± SD serum level of NO in the exposed group with skin disorders were significantly higher than that in the exposed group without skin disorders (1483. 00± 488. 754μ g/mL vs. 1364. 50± 487. 887μ g/mL; P=0. 024). Also, among the exposed group, there was a significant elevation of serum NO associated with the type of lesion. For ezxample, specific lesions like mustard scar were associated with higher levels of NO compared to non-specific lesions like xerosis, itching, seborrheic dermatitis, etc. Also, a significant elevation in serum NO levels was found in the exposed subjects with pigmentation disorders (both hypo-and hyper-pigmentation) compared to the exposed participants without these skin problems (P<0. 05). Finally, a significant difference in the serum level of NO was seen between the SM-exposed and the control subjects with no cherrya ngioma (P<0. 05). Conclusion: Our results show the highest serum level of NO in the exposed group with specific lesions and the lowest or normal level of NO in the unexposed group with no skin illness. The elevated serum levels of NO may be associated with the progression of some skin complications in the SM-exposed subjects. This finding serves as a basis for further research on the molecular mechanisms and pathways involved in the pathogenesis of skin disorders in SM-exposed patients.

Background: Many studies have focused on the potent anti-cancer activity of Arteether (ARE). However, the hydrophobic property of this drug limits its application. To increase the bioavailability of ARE, we formulated a Nanosystem (NS) of Folic Acid (FA), Chitosan (CS), and Fe3O4 for delivery of ARE into breast cancer. Materials and Methods: The CS-coated Fe3O4 was synthesized by co-precipitation of Fe2+ and Fe3+ in CS gel-like solution. Then, it was conjugated with FA and ARE. The properties of ARE loaded Nanoparticles (NPs) were characterized by Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), Fourier Transform-Infrared (FTIR) spectra, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), drug loading efficiency, and drug release. The bioactivity of this complex was evaluated in vitro and in vivo settings. Tumor volume was measured, and the cytokines of Interferon-gamma IFN-γ and interleukin 4 (IL-4) were assessed in mice splenocytes. Results: DLS showed an average size of 198nm and the charge of about-7mV. FTIR confirmed the formation of ARE loaded NPs and SEM indicated its solid, dense structure. The drug exhibited a loading capacity of (20%) and significant release in citrate buffer with pH 5. 4 compared with phosphate-buffered saline with pH 7. 4. The NS showed significant inhibitory effect on the growth of 4T1 cell line and tumor volume. It also augmented IFN-γ and IL-4 production in breast cancer-bearing mice. ARE in FA-CS-Fe3O4 composite NPs may significantly suppress tumor growth. Conclusion: This NS can be utilized in the nano-based drug delivery system for the treatment of breast cancer.

Background: Eosinophilic Gastrointestinal Disorders (EGID) are a heterogeneous group of gastrointestinal disorders, associated with an increase of the eosinophils in the gastrointestinal mucosal tissue. Regulatory T cells (Tregs), as a subset of T cells, have a proven prominent role in immunopathology and protection against allergic diseases. Also, they appear to play a role in EGID pathogenesis. In the present study, serum levels of Tumor Growth Factor (TGF)-β and interleukin (IL)-10 were measured in patients with EGID compared to patients with Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) and healthy subjects. Materials and Methods: A total of 34 patients with EGID, 23 with GERD, and 25 healthy controls were included in the study. The diagnoses of EGID and GERD were made based on the patients’ clinical symptoms, endoscopic findings, and biopsy confirmation. A questionnaire of demographic information, allergy history, as well as endoscopic-pathological and skin prick test results were completed and performed. The serum levels of TGF-β and IL-10 were measured using the ELISA method. Results: Family history of allergic disorders in patients with EGID or GERD was significantly high compared to healthy controls (P=0. 010, P=0. 005, respectively). There was a statistically significant increase in serum levels of TGF-β 1 (P=0. 025), but no significant difference was observed in serum level of IL-10 among three groups. However, the serum level of IL-10 was significantly high in a subgroup of patients with upper gastrointestinal eosinophilic involvement compared to the healthy controls (P=0. 018). Conclusion: Significant increase in the serum level of IL-10 and TGF-β might be due to the Tregs dysfunction in EGID patients. Further studies should determine the role of Tregs in the pathogenesis of EGID.

Background: MicroRNAs are small non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression and involve in many cellular and physiological mechanisms. Recent studies have revealed that dysregulation of microRNAs might contribute to autoimmune disorders such as Multiple Sclerosis (MS). Based on these findings, we examined the potential role of miR-320 isoforms; miR-320-3p and miR-320-5p, in the context of autoimmune neuroinflammation and pathogenesis of EAE, which is an animal model of MS. Materials and Methods: The expression levels of miR-320-3p and miR-320-5p, and their predicted target genes, TGFBR2 and Smad2, were quantified in the CNS tissue in mice with Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis (EAE) using RT-PCR method. The expression was also examined in splenocytes macrophages and astrocytes. To examine the interaction of miR-320-3p and miR-320-5p with the 3′-UTR of potential target transcripts, the mimic sequences of both isoforms were transfected into splenocytes and then examined by RT-PCR. Results: The expression of both isoforms of miR-320 significantly increased in different phases of EAE and activated lymphocytes, whereas the levels of their predicted target genes, Smad2 and TGFBR2 decreased in these cells. Obtained data revealed that miR-320-5p level significantly increased in activated macrophages and astrocytes; however, the miR320-3p level did not show significant changes in these cells after Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation. The levels of TGFBR2 and Smad2 decreased in transfected splenocytes. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that upregulation of miR-320 isoforms might be involved in the neuroinflammation and pathogenesis of MS through targeting and suppression of TGFBR2 and Smad2, i. e. protective genes in MS.

Background: Wounds and their healing process are among the most crucial medical issues, especially in the field of dermatology and surgery that imposes notable costs to the health care system. Materials and Methods: Wound healing requires specific fundamental steps, such as angiogenesis and inflammation. Angiogenesis is controlled by different cytokines such as Hypoxia-Inducible Factor α (HIF-α ), Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF), basic Fibroblast Growth Factor (bFGF), Platelet-Derived Growth Factor (PDGF), Tumor Necrosis Factor α (TNF-α ), and Matrix MetalloProteinases (MMPs). Results: Celecoxib, an inhibitor of Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), is widely used in medicine and different fields. This medication can inhibit angiogenesis via suppressing all mentioned cytokines. Thus, suppression of angiogenesis by celecoxib, especially in chronic wounds, may result in the poor or delayed healing. Conclusion: Authors suggest complementary clinical studies to evaluate the possible role of celecoxib on the wound healing focusing on angiogenesis.