زبانشناسی و گویش های خراسان
سال:1399 | دوره: | شماره: |تعداد مقالات:12

In this paper the parasitic gap in Persian language is explained by using the explanations provided by two proposed approaches in the Minimalist Programme namely as “ Sideward Movement” and “ Symmetric Merge” . In “ Sideward Movement” the parasitic gap is considered as a NP which after valuing its uninterpretable feature in the adjunct clause, moves to the main clause to value its uninterpretable feature again and then moves to the specifier of the CP. This explanation is problematic since the uninterpretable features are checked and deleted after being valued. In the “ Symmetric Merge” approach the parasitic gap is considered as a shared NP between the adjunct and main clauses by having the same case feature in two clauses. This approach cannot explain the parasitic gap in Persian language since in some example the moved NP has two different case features. After reviewing other examples from the old, middle, and new Persian languages and finding that the parasitic gap has particular characteristics such a grammaticality of the sentence even when we have pronoun in the situation of the real gap, it is concluded that the Persian language is a language without parasitic gap.

With the emergence of electronic dictionaries and due to the inadequacies of existing Persian dictionaries, a scientific and theory-based approach is required in lexicography. One of the most important problems in lexicography is the way of arranging idioms and idiomatic expressions. The purpose of the study is to organize idioms and idiomatic expressions in dictionaries in a non-linear way. To achieve the purpose of the study, the following research question was proposed: How to use a way other than the usual alphabetical and linear way based on which idioms and idiomatic expressions are presented in dictionaries? To do this, based on descriptiveanalytical method and cognitive semantics approach and its concepts, such as conceptual metaphor, conceptual metonymy, and conventional knowledge, the authors examined the data extracted from Sokhan Persian Dictionary. The results indicated that by presenting metaphoric and metonymic boxes in dictionaries, and based on the conventional knowledge of the language speakers, a non-linear way can be proposed for arranging idioms and their equivalents. But not all idioms could be analyzed based on conceptual metaphor, conceptual metonymy, and conventional knowledge, because some idioms are made through the non-figurative part of the language and could be analyzed accordingly.

One of the most puzzling things about human language is one of the most basic: Words occur according to a famously systematic frequency distribution such that there are few very high-frequency words that account for most of the tokens in text and many low-frequency words. In his pioneering research, G. K. Zipf observed that more frequent words tend to have more meanings, and showed that the number of meanings of a word grows as the square root of its frequency. One aspect that all dynamical models of grammar emphasize is that frequency of occurrence is an important determinant of linguistic structure and language use. This paper surveyed the effects of frequency on aspects in Persian and considers the correlation between frequency and the numbers of different types of aspect member in Persian. Aspect is a grammatical category that expresses how an action, event, or state, denoted by a verb, extends over time. Based on Bybee (1985, 1995, 201, 2003, 2006, 2011) and Haspelmath (2002, 2005, 2006, 2008, 2014) and Croft (2003), we tried to clarify the frequency effect in decreasing numbers of different types of aspects in Persian. Frequency-based form minimization is probably the most important economy effect that shapes grammatical systems. Since Greenberg (1966) and Croft (1990), this economy effect has been widely known, and has often been discussed under the heading of markedness. We conclude that there is a reverse relationship between the number of different types of aspect members and the frequency.

The results of comparing the usage of hedges among seven categories showed that healthy people utilized modal expressions (p=0. 015) and verbs of doubt (p=0. 000) more significantly than patients. Through the usage of hedges, narrators intend to inform their listeners that they are not assured about a particular statement uttered by them. This indicates that they are aware of this doubt and it seems that this aspect of hedges might be related to the theory of mind which is impaired in schizophrenic patients. Moreover, participants must be able to evaluate the existing conditions and options in the context of the film to properly employ hedges within their narratives, and as patients with schizophrenia have difficulties at pragmatic level, this could affect their usage of both modal expressions and verbs of doubt. Therefore, significant difference between two groups may be linked to the patient’ s impairment in theory of mind and the inability to use pragmatic rules.

This study investigated compensatory lengthening processes in Persian language based on Stratal Optimality Theory. Descriptive-analytic method was used in this survey. Since Optimality Theory can’ t analyze intermediate levels of morphophonemics processes, the study evaluated morpho-phonemics analysis in Persian within the framework of Stratal Optimality Theory. Stratal Optimality Theory posits constraint evaluation at three distinct levels or strata: stem, word and phrase. This multi-level variation of the original OT model may provide more economical and elegant explanations. In this survey, attraction, glottal consonant deletion, and compensatory lengthening processes were analyzed within Stratal Optimality Theory and the order of constraints in each level were indicated. Further cross-linguistic and theoretical research into the Stratal OT model is needed to establish its universality and superiority to other models.

This study is concerned with a formal representation of auxiliation in four auxiliary constructions in Persian. These include the modal ‘ bayad’ construction, the future tense ‘ khastan’ construction, the aspectual ‘ dashtan’ construction, and the modal ‘ tavanestan’ construction. Conducted within a Role and Reference Grammar framework, the study explored the degree of grammaticalization in each construction utilizing three parameters of person/number inflection, tense-sensitivity, and contiguity. Each construction reacts differently with respect to these parameters to the extent that the auxiliary verb in the relevant construction receives a distinctive syntactic treatment in the layered structure of the clause. ‘ Bayad’ is taken to be a fully developed operator exclusively projected in the operator projection. ‘ Khastan’ , together with the lexical head, forms a complex nucleus demonstrating tenseinflection as well in the operator projection. ‘ Dashtan’ , constituting a non-predicating nucleus, stands in an ad-nuclear subordinate relation to the lexical head in the progressive construction. ‘ Tavanestan’ is the only modal verb within this quadripartite division that fails to constitute an auxiliary construction due to the fact that it predicates a separate argument structure of its own in the spirit of the least amount of semantic bleaching. These all attest to the fact that the syntactic projection of each auxiliary verb in the layered structure of the clause is a reflection of the degree of grammaticalization in the relevant auxiliary construction.

The study aimed at exploring phonotactics in Sistani Balouchi dialect based on Generative Phonology. A corpus was collected from a number of Sistani Balouch speakers. The results showed that there are consonant clusters both in onset and coda. These consonant clusters include constraints in onset and coda. Therefore, consonants which have [-sonorant] feature cannot occur as the second member of the onset in simple and compound words. Also, two consonants with the same place of articulation cannot make cluster in onset. [r] and [w] as the second member of onset and [n] and [r] as the first member of coda are the most frequent consonants, respectively. The low and front vowel [a] is the most frequent as the nucleus of syllables which have cluster in onset and coda. Obstruents, nasals and liquids are the most frequent as the second member in coda. Sonority Sequencing Principle (SSP) is verified in consonant clusters of the onset and the codas which have long vowels of [i, e: , u, o: , ɑ ] as the nucleus but SSP may be rejected in consonant clusters of the codas which have short vowels of [a, ɩ , ʊ ] as the nucleus.

Physical injuries caused by the use of various detergents and household cleaners indicate the lack of proper consumer awareness of these products. On the other hand, the most important way for the producer to inform the consumer is to put a “ warning” on the product, so it seems that the warnings on the products do not have the desired and optimal adequacy, and therefore their scientific study is necessary. In the present study, based on data consisting of 67 types of detergents, household cleaners and disinfectants based on linguistic component, design component and color component, we analyzed the warning labels on the products and analyzed their adequacy. What is understood from the examined data is that the warning labels on the products do not have the desired adequacy, and finally, the authors consider the model of the desired alert label with high adequacy by considering all three of the above components. It should be noted that most of the researches conducted in this ground have been proposed and presented in “ forensic linguistics” field.

The aim of this study was to explore the phenomenon of “ naming businesses” in the city of Sanandaj, Kurdistan, Iran. Investigating this phenomenon in the domain of businesses was carried out cognitive-sociolinguistically. Content analysis was used as the method of the research. The procedures and instrumentations of data were observational and documental. The population of the study included 3711 shops. The result of this study showed that for business naming as a non-formal hyper domain the social nominating factors are business holders. It is the cultural and political atmosphere of the society which influences that domain. Most names regarding gender as a variable are selected based on human masculane names. Naming business in Sanandaj in celebrity sub-category has tendency towards contemporary celebrities and also has tendency toward the local identity. Names derived from nature also belong to the plant subcategory. And conceptualization of choosing names seen in this domain is originated from metaphor of the cultural context and topology of the study area.

Cognitive sociolinguistics is a new attitude in linguistics that has appeared from the interaction of two approaches of social linguistics and cognitive linguistics and its purpose is to study the cognitive socio dimensions in daily use of language. This is a descriptive-analytical study and the purpose is to analyze the Eighth Persian Textbook of Junior Secondary School (Akbari Sheldereh, 2018) based on cognitive sociolinguistics. In this study the unit of analysis was “ sentence” and all of the texts were examined. From among the 1200 sentences existing in the book, all sentences (500) containing image schemas were extracted using Johnsons’ (1987) research. From among these (500) sentences, the ones (170 cases) containing social variables were determined and finally the interaction of image schemas and social variables were analyzed (quantitatively and qualitatively) and represented. 320 cases of image schemas and 240 cases of social variables were involved in this interaction. The results indicated that the image schemas of “ force” , “ content” , “ path” and “ process” and the social variables of “ religion and religion attitude” , “ culture” and “ solidarity” had the most participation in two approaches of cognitive linguistics and sociolinguistics interaction. Although, the use of more than 500 metaphorical sentences indicates that the authors of this book have paid attention to the growth of youth creativity and abstract thinking, but according to the 34% interaction of metaphorical sentences and social variables, the authors concluded that the cognitive sociolinguistics approach is not presented enough. Creating a sense of sincerity with the high use of “ solidarity” variable, gender discrimination and introducing IranianIslamic culture in the metaphorical structures are other findings of this study.

It is believed that language is a systematic and interconnected set that, while integrated and organized, is constantly evolving and changing. One of the most extensive areas undergoing the evolution of this system is the semantic and structural area. Following these developments in the historical-geographical study of the words of Bayhaqi’ s History Book in the East Khorasan Razavi region (Taybad), we have reached the point that although nearly a thousand years have passed since the writing of this work, today it still has words in the local dialect of the people of this region. They can have evolved in three ways: either they are used in the same way used in Beyhaqi history book (in pronunciation and meaning), or they have undergone semantic changes along with phonetic changes, or they have changed completely semantically despite maintaining their appearance. This study examined the semantic-structural evolution of some of these words in the dialect of East Khorasan Razavi (Taybad) through field method and relying on library resources while paying attention to the study of the evolution of meaning in language. The results of the present study show that the metamorphosis of semantic-structural changes in the words of Bayhaqi’ s History Book in the dialect of East Khorasan Razavi has been more than the type of internal transformation and due to the similarity of the words.

Rhetorical structure theory is a scientific approach that has emerged in linguisticcomputational field. It also seeks to use the most appropriate way to deliver a message by advertising agents of goods/services, and in addition to provide techniques to strengthen business texts in discovering hidden relationships in commercials. The study aimed to study the content of 268 sample context of commercials in eight topics, during one year of Green Family Magazine, Success, and Iran Newspaper. The study explored the relationship between the text components of commercials within the context of rhetorical structure theory and what effect it and drawing tree diagrams. “ Elaboration” has the most frequency. Then “ enablement” has the greatest share. Subsequent relationships depend on the subject of commercials. By using “ elaboration” , “ enablement” , and “ evidence” relations, the author aims to engage the reader with the nucleus content, using the complementary section which is satellite.