پژوهش های جغرافیای انسانی
سال:1400 | دوره:53 | شماره:3 |تعداد مقالات:28

Geopolitical relations are relationships between states and countries based on geographical contexts. In fact, the difference between geopolitical relations and political relations is the geographical background of geopolitical relations. In geopolitical relations, contexts are relationships based on geographical components and contexts. The purpose of this study is to model the most important geopolitical contexts. The research method in this study is based on theoretical purpose and descriptive-analytical nature. The most important geopolitical contexts were identified based on the study of nineteen theories and approaches presented by theorists and scholars of political geography, geopolitics, political science, international relations, and the environment. Then, the most important contexts and areas of geopolitical relations are presented in five dimensions of "interaction, opposition, competition, influence and domination" and finally a model is proposed for the contexts and fields of geopolitical relations. IntroductionThe results show that the most important geopolitical contexts and fields include geo-cultural contexts (ethnic groups in neighboring countries, religious affiliation with peripheral countries, historical and civilization factor, ideological factor), contexts and fields of Geopolitics (territorial issues, geographic location, regional hegemony, security approach, geopolitical weight, alliances, regional geopolitical structure, geopolitical codes, neighborhoods and the number of neighbors), geo-economic contexts (Underground and fossil resources, international straits), fields and contexts of hydro-politics ( International rivers, common maritime boundaries and environmental factors). One of the most important issues in geopolitics is "geopolitical relations". A geopolitical relation is the study and analysis of the effects of geographical components on the relations between states and international relations. Geopolitical relations are relationships between states and countries based on geographical contexts. In fact, the difference between geopolitical relations and political relations is the geographical background of geopolitical relations. In geopolitical relations, contexts are relationships based on geographical components and contexts. In general, geopolitical relations are those that are established between states and governments and political actors based on a combination of factors of politics, power and geography. Therefore, in order to understand the specific phenomena that occur in geopolitical relations between countries, geographical factors need to be taken into account. Geography plays a pivotal role in geopolitical relations and provides the impetus for shaping the political will of the relationship as well as influencing the level of actor power (Hafez Nia, 2006, 362). On the other hand, dominant ways of behavior between states, because of various types of relationships, vary in the range of patterns including 'interaction', 'domination', 'influence' and 'competition' and 'confrontation'. Today, geopolitics, geopolitical relations and their analysis are mostly done at the transnational scale. Therefore, the study of the pattern of geopolitical relations on three international, regional and global scales can be discussed. But what matters most is the context and of geopolitical relations. In this research, the most important contexts of geopolitical relations are studied based on the study of theories and approaches and finally the contexts for the dimensions of geopolitical relations as well as the proposed model for the fields of geopolitical relations between countries are presented. MethodologyThis research seeks to theoretically explain the contexts and fields of geopolitical relations between countries. From Newman's point of view, by referring to more general ideas and abstract principles in terms of cause and effect, theoretical explanations describe why a particular event occurs. The purpose of this study is to model the most important geopolitical contexts. The research method in this study is based on theoretical purpose and descriptive-analytical nature. In terms of the purpose, this research is basic. In basic research, the purpose is to discover the facts and to understand the phenomena that lead to the increasing human knowledge. In this research, identifying the components and areas that influence its geopolitical relations is known as a basic research. The components and contexts were identified based on the review of nineteen theories and approaches presented by theorists and scholars of political geography, geopolitics, political science, international relations, and the environment. Research method was descriptive-analytic and the data were collected through library resources. The data were also analyzed qualitatively. Qualitative research is introspective, political, subjective-reflective-interpretive, theory generating and human-centered. The main objective of the study is to explore the conceptual factors (backgrounds and contexts) that influence the formation of geopolitical relationships. Results and discussion On one hand, some theories and approaches have emphasized on one component in geopolitical formation and relationships, such as Huntington's Clash of Civilizations, Geo-economy's (Edward Lutwac's) theory, Muhammad Khatami's Civilization's Dialogue, and the theory of Louise Richardson. Some theories and approaches included several components, such as: Mackinder's Heartland Theory, Spykman's Rimland Theory, Alfred Thayer Mahan's Maritime Power, Wallerstein's World System Theory, " Theory of Power Systems (Brzezinski), Kaplan's theory of the Chaos of the Future, Peter Hagget's Theory, Thomas Homer Dixon's Theory, Regional Conflict Theory (Jeffrey Camp and David Harvey), Theory of Conflict (John Robert Prescott), and the Approach to Geopolitical Conflict (John Collins). The study of theories and approaches shows that each of the theories emphasizes on one or more of the geopolitical, geo-economic, hydro-politics, and geo-cultural components, and no theory encompasses all four components together. Relations between countries took different forms along the temporal dimensions and geographical characteristics of countries. The dimensions of geopolitical relations between countries vary in terms of interaction, competition, domination, influence and opposition. ConclusionThe results show that the most important geopolitical contexts and fields include geo-cultural contexts (ethnic groups in neighboring countries, religious affiliation with peripheral countries, historical and civilization factor, ideological factor), contexts and fields of Geopolitics (territorial issues, geographic location, regional hegemony, security approach, geopolitical weight, alliances, regional geopolitical structure, geopolitical codes, neighborhoods and the number of neighbors), geo-economic contexts (Underground and fossil resources, international straits), fields and contexts of hydro-politics ( International rivers, common maritime boundaries and environmental factors).

The social, biological, and economic impacts of droughts depend to a large extent on the readiness of farmers to respond to them, and farmers' actions in turn influence how they perceive drought. Farmers' perceptions are one of the prerequisites for facing the drought crisis, so that integration of people's perceptions of drought into the policies and planning of water resources management is essential. Therefore, this qualitative study aimed to analyze farmers' perceptions of drainage basin of Urmia Lake (Miandoab County) and its effects and consequences. The study population consisted of farmers in Zarrineh Rood and Simineh Rood catchments. The purposeful sampling was done by snowball method. Required information was collected through in-depth individual interviews and focus group discussions with farmers and data analysis was performed using directional content analysis and MaxiKoda software. The results showed that most farmers consider drought to be a climate phenomenon, although some also attribute it to the wrath of God, the destructive behaviors of some farmers, and the mismanagement of officials. Farmers expect anxieties about the future, aggravation of drought and drought, and an increase in the devastating effects of drought and cost savings, the use of advanced irrigation systems, drought-adapted crop cultivation, storage and optimization of consumption. Water, giving up, relying on God and getting help from religious institutions, and migrating to the city are some of the things that work to combat drought or reduce the effects of drought. The results of this study can help implement appropriate interventions to increase farmers' resilience to drought. The effects of drought vary from region to region, and these impacts can be addressed in water, agriculture, food security, and adaptive measures. Droughts lead to a series of social and economic impacts that increase vulnerability by decreasing crop yields, unemployment, asset erosion, reduced income, inadequate nutrition and reduced risk-taking capacity. However, the social, biological, and economic impacts of future droughts on area agriculture largely depend on how farmers in the region prepare for it and how they respond to droughts. Farmers' actions, in turn, are influenced by how they interpret drought. Therefore, understanding the effects of drought requires understanding human understanding. Perception refers to a range of beliefs, judgments, and attitudes. And people's perceptions of climate change and its effects can be very different. Farmers' perceptions are one of the basic prerequisites to facing a drought crisis, so that people's perceptions of water and drought are integrated into policymaking. The results show that farmers' perceptions of the effects of drought include reduced crop yields, migration, malnutrition, declining health and education, education, desperation and destruction of rangelands and forests. The study of drought perception in the Ugalala aquifer studied experiences, memory, definitions, and expectations as explanatory factors for farmers' perceptions of drought. It affects the environment as well as human responses to environmental conditions that affect people. The study of environmental perception is based on the assumption that behaviors are influenced by subjective images of the environment, attitudes, goals, feelings, and beliefs. Experience is an important factor that shapes people's perceptions, and previous experiences of poor chapters are recalled by memories. Drought is one of the most dangerous natural disasters and is a priority in frequency of occurrence over other natural disasters and needs more attention in decision making. Consequently, in the last few decades, developing and even industrialized countries have been attacked by drought. Iran is located in one of the driest regions of the world and water scarcity is one of the most important obstacles in the process of its agricultural development. Iran is responsible for one third of global average rainfall due to being located in the global dry belt. According to research conducted in the country, the direct effect of the damage caused by the reduction of every 1 millimeter of rainfall is 98 billion rials, so that many of the damage caused by this phenomenon is still irreparable. Remains and severe damage to the body of rural communities. This has sounded the alarm for the rural community, and given the scarcity of water resources and uncertainty about the future, there is increasing pressure on farmers to make decisions about how to manage resources and address challenges and challenges. The future of their business makes them. The drought crisis has left important rivers at risk of drying up completely. In addition to reducing rivers, the water resources of many lakes and wetlands have been either drained or drastically reduced. Lake Urmia is one of those. Changes in Lake Urmia's ecosystem in recent decades have had adverse effects on its surrounding areas. Increased rainfall, threat to wildlife, health and health problems, loss of tourist and tourism values, endangered agricultural lands and gardens, loss of rural livestock, degraded soil quality, severe drop in groundwater table, Evacuation of villages and migration to urban areas and social anomalies are among the effects that have imposed enormous economic, social and environmental costs on rural residents around Lake Urmia. Therefore, Lake Urmia faces the serious threat of shifting to irreversible conditions whose impacts are gradually expanding from biodiversity issues to socioeconomic issues and their impacts on the livelihoods and health of communities are visible. One of the major challenges identified is the significant share of the agricultural sector of Miandoab with 214, 000 hectares of water resources in the Zarrinehrood and Siminehrood catchments, which in the past accounted for more than 5% of the water resources of the Urmia Lake catchment. But now it is facing the risk of drought. English Drying of two rivers of Zarinehrood and Siminehrood, which is one of the most important rivers in the Urmia Lake Basin, has severe environmental, social and economic impacts in terms of lowering the level of income from activity Agricultural and non-agricultural sectors, reduced employment opportunities, reduced levels of participation, social trust and cohesion, reduced job diversity, reduced economic diversity, land salinization, increased economic cost of production, reduced production, rural migration and increased unemployment.

Knowledge management guarantees the long-run superiorities for organizations and societies. It is also the extent to which they utilize human, intellectual and information capital. Understanding knowledge management as a spirit governing organizational practices and the effectiveness that it can have on the development of urban management is essential to its implementation. This study is a kind of "applied" study. Due to the nature of the subject and the components under consideration, the approach to it is a set of descriptive-analytical and correlation methods. Data gathering was done in both documentary and survey (questionnaire) forms. The statistical population of this study is managers, deputies and experts of Yazd city (287 people). Using Cochran's formula, a sample size of 102 participants was calculated according to the principle of proportionality in the six municipalities of Yazd. In this study Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used to determine the reliability of the questionnaire. The pre-test on 30 baseline questionnaires, knowledge management questionnaire alpha as 0. 964 and urban management questionnaire as 0. 957 were used for analysis. Data were analyzed via the SEM and second-order confirmatory factor analysis test. The results showed that knowledge management has a positive and significant effect on urban management as 0. 88, explaining 77% of the variance of knowledge management. Keywords: Knowledge management, Urban management, Municipalities, Yazd city. Knowledge management guarantees the long-run superiorities for organizations and societies. It is also the extent to which they utilize human, intellectual and information capital. Understanding knowledge management as a spirit governing organizational practices and the effectiveness that it can have on the development of urban management is essential to its implementation. This study is a kind of "applied" study. Due to the nature of the subject and the components under consideration, the approach to it is a set of descriptive-analytical and correlation methods. Data gathering was done in both documentary and survey (questionnaire) forms. The statistical population of this study is managers, deputies and experts of Yazd city (287 people). Using Cochran's formula, a sample size of 102 participants was calculated according to the principle of proportionality in the six municipalities of Yazd. In this study Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used to determine the reliability of the questionnaire. The pre-test on 30 baseline questionnaires, knowledge management questionnaire alpha as 0. 964 and urban management questionnaire as 0. 957 were used for analysis. Data were analyzed via the SEM and second-order confirmatory factor analysis test. The results showed that knowledge management has a positive and significant effect on urban management as 0. 88, explaining 77% of the variance of knowledge management. Keywords: Knowledge management, Urban management, Municipalities, Yazd city. Knowledge management guarantees the long-run superiorities for organizations and societies. It is also the extent to which they utilize human, intellectual and information capital. Understanding knowledge management as a spirit governing organizational practices and the effectiveness that it can have on the development of urban management is essential to its implementation. This study is a kind of "applied" study. Due to the nature of the subject and the components under consideration, the approach to it is a set of descriptive-analytical and correlation methods. Data gathering was done in both documentary and survey (questionnaire) forms. The statistical population of this study is managers, deputies and experts of Yazd city (287 people). Using Cochran's formula, a sample size of 102 participants was calculated according to the principle of proportionality in the six municipalities of Yazd. In this study Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used to determine the reliability of the questionnaire. The pre-test on 30 baseline questionnaires, knowledge management questionnaire alpha as 0. 964 and urban management questionnaire as 0. 957 were used for analysis. Data were analyzed via the SEM and second-order confirmatory factor analysis test. The results showed that knowledge management has a positive and significant effect on urban management as 0. 88, explaining 77% of the variance of knowledge management. Keywords: Knowledge management, Urban management, Municipalities, Yazd city. Knowledge management guarantees the long-run superiorities for organizations and societies. It is also the extent to which they utilize human, intellectual and information capital. Understanding knowledge management as a spirit governing organizational practices and the effectiveness that it can have on the development of urban management is essential to its implementation. This study is a kind of "applied" study. Due to the nature of the subject and the components under consideration, the approach to it is a set of descriptive-analytical and correlation methods. Data gathering was done in both documentary and survey (questionnaire) forms. The statistical population of this study is managers, deputies and experts of Yazd city (287 people). Using Cochran's formula, a sample size of 102 participants was calculated according to the principle of proportionality in the six municipalities of Yazd. In this study Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used to determine the reliability of the questionnaire. The pre-test on 30 baseline questionnaires, knowledge management questionnaire alpha as 0. 964 and urban management questionnaire as 0. 957 were used for analysis. Data were analyzed via the SEM and second-order confirmatory factor analysis test. The results showed that knowledge management has a positive and significant effect on urban management as 0. 88, explaining 77% of the variance of knowledge management. Keywords: Knowledge management, Urban management, Municipalities, Yazd city. Knowledge management guarantees the long-run superiorities for organizations and societies. It is also the extent to which they utilize human, intellectual and information capital. Understanding knowledge management as a spirit governing organizational practices and the effectiveness that it can have on the development of urban management is essential to its implementation. This study is a kind of "applied" study. Due to the nature of the subject and the components under consideration, the approach to it is a set of descriptive-analytical and correlation methods. Data gathering was done in both documentary and survey (questionnaire) forms. The statistical population of this study is managers, deputies and experts of Yazd city (287 people). Using Cochran's formula, a sample size of 102 participants was calculated according to the principle of proportionality in the six municipalities of Yazd.

With the rise of living standards, cities have become more complex in life. Sustainability is a relatively new concept that sets standards for optimal living in urban spaces. On the other hand, raising public expectations of municipalities, expanding the scope of local governments and exacerbating the problems caused by rising urban populations such as unemployment, urbanization, environmental pollution, housing shortages, traffic problems and socio-economic anomalies, need to expand municipal funding Makes it more. Financing will leave municipalities with no choice but to increase the efficiency of previous methods and look for new sources of income. Increasing efficiency requires the passage of time, interaction with the world economy, the use of more modern methods, and an increase in the proportion of specialist municipal forces. Lack of sufficient revenue for municipalities not only reduces the ability to provide appropriate services for urban management, but also substantially hampers the implementation of all urban plans. In this study, the city of Semnan, as the center of the province and one of the key cities of the country, has been studied. In this paper, the impact of sustainability of Semnan municipality's sources of income on urban viability has been studied. The authors put forward two basic hypotheses to explain the sustainability impact of municipal revenue sources on urban viability. The first hypothesis is that the sustainability of the municipality's financial resources and revenues appear to have an impact on the livelihoods of Semnan,the second hypothesis is that it currently seems to have the largest share of Semnan municipality financing through unstable financial resources and income. The findings of the study show that both hypotheses have been substantiated. With the rise of living standards, cities have become more complex in life. Sustainability is a relatively new concept that sets standards for optimal living in urban spaces. On the other hand, raising public expectations of municipalities, expanding the scope of local governments and exacerbating the problems caused by rising urban populations such as unemployment, urbanization, environmental pollution, housing shortages, traffic problems and socio-economic anomalies, need to expand municipal funding Makes it more. Financing will leave municipalities with no choice but to increase the efficiency of previous methods and look for new sources of income. Increasing efficiency requires the passage of time, interaction with the world economy, the use of more modern methods, and an increase in the proportion of specialist municipal forces. Lack of sufficient revenue for municipalities not only reduces the ability to provide appropriate services for urban management, but also substantially hampers the implementation of all urban plans. In this study, the city of Semnan, as the center of the province and one of the key cities of the country, has been studied. In this paper, the impact of sustainability of Semnan municipality's sources of income on urban viability has been studied. The authors put forward two basic hypotheses to explain the sustainability impact of municipal revenue sources on urban viability. The first hypothesis is that the sustainability of the municipality's financial resources and revenues appear to have an impact on the livelihoods of Semnan,the second hypothesis is that it currently seems to have the largest share of Semnan municipality financing through unstable financial resources and income. The findings of the study show that both hypotheses have been substantiated. With the rise of living standards, cities have become more complex in life. Sustainability is a relatively new concept that sets standards for optimal living in urban spaces. On the other hand, raising public expectations of municipalities, expanding the scope of local governments and exacerbating the problems caused by rising urban populations such as unemployment, urbanization, environmental pollution, housing shortages, traffic problems and socio-economic anomalies, need to expand municipal funding Makes it more. Financing will leave municipalities with no choice but to increase the efficiency of previous methods and look for new sources of income. Increasing efficiency requires the passage of time, interaction with the world economy, the use of more modern methods, and an increase in the proportion of specialist municipal forces. Lack of sufficient revenue for municipalities not only reduces the ability to provide appropriate services for urban management, but also substantially hampers the implementation of all urban plans. In this study, the city of Semnan, as the center of the province and one of the key cities of the country, has been studied. In this paper, the impact of sustainability of Semnan municipality's sources of income on urban viability has been studied. The authors put forward two basic hypotheses to explain the sustainability impact of municipal revenue sources on urban viability. The first hypothesis is that the sustainability of the municipality's financial resources and revenues appear to have an impact on the livelihoods of Semnan,the second hypothesis is that it currently seems to have the largest share of Semnan municipality financing through unstable financial resources and income. The findings of the study show that both hypotheses have been substantiated. With the rise of living standards, cities have become more complex in life. Sustainability is a relatively new concept that sets standards for optimal living in urban spaces. On the other hand, raising public expectations of municipalities, expanding the scope of local governments and exacerbating the problems caused by rising urban populations such as unemployment, urbanization, environmental pollution, housing shortages, traffic problems and socio-economic anomalies, need to expand municipal funding Makes it more. Financing will leave municipalities with no choice but to increase the efficiency of previous methods and look for new sources of income. Increasing efficiency requires the passage of time, interaction with the world economy, the use of more modern methods, and an increase in the proportion of specialist municipal forces. Lack of sufficient revenue for municipalities not only reduces the ability to provide appropriate services for urban management, but also substantially hampers the implementation of all urban plans. In this study, the city of Semnan, as the center of the province and one of the key cities of the country, has been studied.

In this research, we tried to compare the environmental impacts of the suburbs and the official neighborhoods of Urmia city using the ecological footprint method. In order to implement the ecological footprint method, a questionnaire was designed with 35 questions that measured the amount of waste consumption and waste generation in all three neighborhoods in 6 main ecological aspects including: "Property, Food Consumption, Clothing, Water, Evaluates energy and transportation. Then ecological footprint and its six dimensions were calculated for the study areas through questionnaire data. The results showed that the ecological footprint of the residents of the informal Kui Laleh neighborhood was in almost all dimensions lower than the Saheli neighborhood and even the Samadzadeh neighborhood of Urmia, so that the ecological footprint of the Saheli residents was approximately 1. 505 fold. The subordinate Kui Laleh is also 1. 216 times the suburb of Samadzadeh. This means that the inhabitants of the suburbs are more sustainable and optimized in terms of the ecological footprint. Introduction: UN estimates show that about 65% of the world's population will be urbanized by the year 2050, reflecting the rapid growth of urbanization (UN, 2017). One of the main causes of the uneven growth of cities is the phenomenon of marginalization, which is caused by the constant migration from the countryside to the cities, which is reflected in various forms such as slum settlement, slum settlement, slum settlement, etc. Social and physical in cities (Bazi et al., 1895: 18). On the other hand, the growth rate of urbanization in developing countries is more than in developed countries. Therefore, the rapid growth of urbanization in developing countries and their poor management and facilities have made marginalization or inferior suburbia one of the major problems in the world (Gholami et al., 2013: 168,Naghdi and Sadeghi, 2006: 213). According to UN estimates, Iran, as one of the developing countries, will be urbanized about 90% of its total population by the year 2050 (UN, 2017). This leads to many problems, including suburbs and informal settlements for many cities in Iran. Unofficial resettlement forms a distinct component of the social and geographical structure of the city. As rural poor migrate to urban centers, the number of people living in informal settlements around the world is expected to reach 1. 4 billion by 2020 (Cohen, 2006). Regional instability is one of the main issues and challenges of the third millennium. One of the most important concerns of the current development process Instability, is the rapid growth of urbanization and its synonymous way of life in the world. The dimensions of urban settlements are becoming more complex day by day and as a result, instability in the urban environment has become apparent (Ziari et al., 2012: 2). Methodology: This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. Most of the required information was collected through library documents and field surveys and social surveys were used to complete the items. The population of the study consisted of residents of three neighborhoods of Urmia, including 31808 people (11056 informal neighborhoods of Kui Laleh, 8335 low-income neighborhoods of Samadzadeh, 12417 formal Saheli neighborhoods). After selecting all three study areas, the sample size for the Kui Laleh neighborhood was 95 people, Samadzadeh 94 people and Saheli area 95 people. In total, the total sample size was estimated to be 284,simple random sampling was performed in each neighborhood. Results and discussion: Comparing the two marginal neighborhoods, we found that the ecological footprint of the Samadzadeh neighborhood was 1. 238 times higher than that of the Kui Laleh neighborhood. Considering that the area of the coastal neighborhood is one of the affluent neighborhoods and has a suitable body among the neighborhoods of Urmia city, this result can show the lifestyle of the residents of this neighborhood and the optimal consumption of the residents of the unofficial neighborhood of Kui Laleh (in The use of food, property, assets and transportation relative to the other two neighborhoods should be studied. Finally, it was found that both suburbs of Kui Laleh and Samadzadeh suburbs consume less resources and consequently bring less pollution and waste into the environment, which means that the lower areas and informal settlements in terms of the concept of "place" "Ecological feet" are more stable. This result was obtained while in the science of urban planning, this concept is obvious that: "The growth of informal and marginalized neighborhoods in land that is not intended for urban use is causing the city to become overly sparse and unplanned, resulting in environmental damage. " However, since the concept of ecological JAPI is a social approach, the environmental effects of the "inhabitants" of the suburbs have been studied and compared with the official neighborhoods. As a result, residents of these neighborhoods are more environmentally sustainable than other urban neighborhoods, contrary to the marginalization phenomenon that naturally leads to environmental damage. Conclusion: The results showed that in spite of the suburbia phenomenon which is inherently causing environmental damage, the inhabitants of these neighborhoods are more environmentally sustainable than other urban neighborhoods. It should be noted, however, that this conclusion should not lead to the impression that the lower the neighborhood and the poorer the neighborhood will impose less ecological footprint on the land. Rather, it can be said that the city's official neighborhoods often lead to environmental instability And in this regard, a green and eco-friendly model is needed to improve the pattern of consumption and reduce the ecological footprint of residents, to improve the quality of life, especially for residents of suburban areas. In addition, the ecological footprint of these three completely different neighborhoods (physically and economically) revealed that the impact of urban neighborhoods on the environment is multifaceted and a better understanding of the social and biological characteristics of informal settlements in addition to physical characteristics. (Which often takes into account the physical properties) can be valuable for making decisions in informal and suburban planning.

Introduction: Achieving development in rural areas has always been of interest to researchers in developing countries. The most important pillar of development can be considered the way society is governed to achieve development. The decisions that are made to achieve these goals are called policies and the process of study, planning, decision making and ultimately implementation in the rural environment is called policy making. The place where these decisions are made has certain conditions and characteristics. In this research, we seek to understand the main challenges of rural policy making and management so that this knowledge can lead to more correct decisions for the rural regions management. The most important role for the implementation of decisions in the village is the management of rural communities. It is in drawing the links between the shifts in the social mode of regulation and the form and practices of new governance that rural studies have been shown particular reluctance –,especially in terms of any engagement with theory. The researchers believe that rural management should significantly reduce rural migration, eliminate the socio-economic gap between the towns and villages, promote agricultural development and develop a culture of self-belief in rural areas, and reduce rural poverty. And the term is so broad that it loses its meaning. Methodology: In this study by thematic analysis method, Policy themes and challenges for managing Iran's rural areas have been identified. The information was collected through semi-structured interviews and study of sources and documents. By coding these interviews, we proceeded to the analysis of each and to the next sample by purposeful sampling. Content analysis is actually a way of identifying, analyzing, and reporting patterns in qualitative data. It is also a process for analyzing contextual data and converts scattered and varied data into rich processed and detailed data. In order to document the discovered concepts and themes, quotes from geography and rural planning experts have been used and interviews and open question design have been conducted according to the existing theoretical literature and studies in the field of rural management, good governance, policy-making and planning. Also, the experience of researchers and previous studies has been done. Results and discussion: The results show that 17 out of 122 open source codes were identified, which can be divided into 6 categories of organizing themes. Finally, by identifying and discovering the basic and organizing themes and finding the relationships between the main themes and challenges, a diagram describing the characteristics and factors influencing the identification of policy themes for the management of Iranian rural areas was drawn. From this model it can be assumed that the theme in which these decisions are made must be taken into consideration. These concepts fall into six categories: Rurality, the historical process, the environment as an effective factor and form of policy, the role of culture in rural policy making and management, the role of culture in rural policy making and management, impact and goals. Economic policies and the place of participation in policymaking and management of rural communities were categorized as organizing themes of the research topic. The study also found new results that could be used in rural policy making and management. Another important issue is the effect of the economy and economic policy objectives. Another theme of the research is the role of culture in rural policy making and management, which emphasizes both the cultural context of Iranian villages (customs, customs, religion, etc. ) and the need to recognize and influence its culture. Policies and decisions made for the village. Understanding the characteristics of the rural context for policymaking and understanding each one's relationship to decision-making, considering the environment as an effective factor in policymaking as well as the form of decisions and policies, the need to know the historical course of management and the management of rural areas. And past successful and unsuccessful experiences. The most important contributions of the codes have been the themes of organizing Historicity and participation in the policy-making and management of rural communities, each with 24 codes, which shows the greater emphasis of experts on these topics. Conclusion: The results of the analysis indicate that in policymaking we should pay attention to the culture of the rural community, the independent social, economic and environmental identity of each village and the historical process of management in Iranian villages. Also, in order to better understand the current way of managing the villages, one should know about the historical development of rural management in Iran. He recognized the positive and negative impacts of the policies and decisions that have historically been taken for the management of rural communities and the plans and programs that have been developed to develop these areas as policy themes and challenges. The importance of the environmental context has been emphasized on rural policy-making and management, and attention to the environment has been formed as an influential factor and the basis of policy-making as well as form, and the result of policy implementation is very necessary for experts. If we want rural development and good management of rural communities, we must take into account the culture of rural society in policy making, taking into account the independent social, economic and environmental identity of each village and the environment as an influential factor in the policies and contexts. It was also seen as a form of policy making. Finally, it can be said that the current state of policymaking for the management of Iran's rural areas is irresponsible considering these basic themes. It is necessary to achieve the policy goals and the proper management of the villages to help the people themselves and to participate in all the policy making and implementation processes.

Border areas are among the most sensitive and fragile areas of any country, which due to the unique conditions, face the problems of unemployment and unemployment, lack of access to basic needs, and so on. The economic crisis has led to a situation in the western part of the country, especially in the border villages of Paveh, where a large number of Kurdish people in the region are turning to a dangerous job called Colbury to meet the basic needs of their lives. In this article, with the descriptive-analytical method and using the scenario writing method, we are looking to investigate the factors that cause this phenomenon to continue in the border villages of Paveh. The research findings show that the goal here is to create possible scenarios out of 35 possible situations related to seven key factors. It is expected that more than 720, 000 possible consolidation scenarios will be extracted from these possible situations, which will include all the situations ahead of Colbury's future in the border village of Paveh. The results of the Wizard scenario software show that there are 14 scenarios with strong and probable compatibility, 2906 scenarios with poor compatibility, and 691 incompatible scenarios for the future of Colbury's economy. Of these 45 possible situations, 26. 6% are in critical condition, 17. 8% are on the verge of crisis, 26. 6% are in static status, 13. 4% are in semi-optimal condition and 15. 6% are in optimal condition. In total, 29% were in good condition and 44. 4% were in poor condition. Of the 14 possible scenarios, scenarios 1 and 2 have the desired status, scenarios 5, 6, 7, 12, 13, and14 have the unfavorable situation. Scenarios 11, 10, 9, 8, 4, 3 also had an intermediate status and were created by combining different modes. Border areas are among the most sensitive and fragile areas of any country, which due to the unique conditions, face the problems of unemployment and unemployment, lack of access to basic needs, and so on. The economic crisis has led to a situation in the western part of the country, especially in the border villages of Paveh, where a large number of Kurdish people in the region are turning to a dangerous job called Colbury to meet the basic needs of their lives. In this article, with the descriptive-analytical method and using the scenario writing method, we are looking to investigate the factors that cause this phenomenon to continue in the border villages of Paveh. The research findings show that the goal here is to create possible scenarios out of 35 possible situations related to seven key factors. It is expected that more than 720, 000 possible consolidation scenarios will be extracted from these possible situations, which will include all the situations ahead of Colbury's future in the border village of Paveh. The results of the Wizard scenario software show that there are 14 scenarios with strong and probable compatibility, 2906 scenarios with poor compatibility, and 691 incompatible scenarios for the future of Colbury's economy. Of these 45 possible situations, 26. 6% are in critical condition, 17. 8% are on the verge of crisis, 26. 6% are in static status, 13. 4% are in semi-optimal condition and 15. 6% are in optimal condition. In total, 29% were in good condition and 44. 4% were in poor condition. Of the 14 possible scenarios, scenarios 1 and 2 have the desired status, scenarios 5, 6, 7, 12, 13, and14 have the unfavorable situation. Scenarios 11, 10, 9, 8, 4, 3 also had an intermediate status and were created by combining different modes. Border areas are among the most sensitive and fragile areas of any country, which due to the unique conditions, face the problems of unemployment and unemployment, lack of access to basic needs, and so on. The economic crisis has led to a situation in the western part of the country, especially in the border villages of Paveh, where a large number of Kurdish people in the region are turning to a dangerous job called Colbury to meet the basic needs of their lives. In this article, with the descriptive-analytical method and using the scenario writing method, we are looking to investigate the factors that cause this phenomenon to continue in the border villages of Paveh. The research findings show that the goal here is to create possible scenarios out of 35 possible situations related to seven key factors. It is expected that more than 720, 000 possible consolidation scenarios will be extracted from these possible situations, which will include all the situations ahead of Colbury's future in the border village of Paveh. The results of the Wizard scenario software show that there are 14 scenarios with strong and probable compatibility, 2906 scenarios with poor compatibility, and 691 incompatible scenarios for the future of Colbury's economy. Of these 45 possible situations, 26. 6% are in critical condition, 17. 8% are on the verge of crisis, 26. 6% are in static status, 13. 4% are in semi-optimal condition and 15. 6% are in optimal condition. In total, 29% were in good condition and 44. 4% were in poor condition. Of the 14 possible scenarios, scenarios 1 and 2 have the desired status, scenarios 5, 6, 7, 12, 13, and14 have the unfavorable situation. Scenarios 11, 10, 9, 8, 4, 3 also had an intermediate status and were created by combining different modes. Border areas are among the most sensitive and fragile areas of any country, which due to the unique conditions, face the problems of unemployment and unemployment, lack of access to basic needs, and so on. The economic crisis has led to a situation in the western part of the country, especially in the border villages of Paveh, where a large number of Kurdish people in the region are turning to a dangerous job called Colbury to meet the basic needs of their lives. In this article, with the descriptive-analytical method and using the scenario writing method, we are looking to investigate the factors that cause this phenomenon to continue in the border villages of Paveh. The research findings show that the goal here is to create possible scenarios out of 35 possible situations related.

Introduction: Security is the most basic need of any society and the most important factor for the sustainability of social life. Geographical injustices and unbalanced development of geographical parts of the country may damage national solidarity and unity. Due to the geopolitical situation, ethnic composition and historical situation in the southeast of Iran, sensitive security conditions have been formed and security policies in these border regions have often hindered the development of these regions. Therefore, the present study intends to examine the ranking of counties in terms of security indicators in the province level and the extent of its interaction with the development of these counties, in order to provide a course of action for planning to promote development at the county level. And it can also play an important role in the government's strategic planning to improve and develop these regions. This study is an applied and scientific research, and considering that the main factor studied in the research is the deprivation of Sistan and Baluchestan province,the research purpose is to explain the relationship between security and development of counties in Sistan and Baluchestan province in order to find the factors that reduce existing tensions and achieve courses of action to establish relative and sustainable development in the region. Methodology: The statistical population of this research is the counties of Sistan and Baluchestan province, Zahedan, Zabol, Zahak, Helmand, Khash, Iranshahr, Delgan, Saravan, Sib va Sooran, Sarbaz, Zaboli, Nikshahr, Chabahar and Konarak, which are included in eight groups based on similar features and available information. This study is applied based on the purpose and is of the type of scientific research,based on the nature and method, two descriptive-analytical and correlation methods are used, the nature of the data used is quantitative and these data collected through field and documentary information. First, security and its dimensions are evaluated during library and field studies using AHP technique, then in each county, the development and its dimensions are examined according to the extracted indicators by taxonomy method, and Pearson correlation method is used to determine the relationship between the dimensions of security and development in the province level. Results and discussionIn: the correlation test between security (including the sum of indicators) and development and its dimensions,Security was significantly correlated with overall development, socio-cultural development and economic development. According to the mentioned results, the correlation between security and all three components is very strong and has the highest correlation with socio-cultural development. This shows that development can be improved in general and in socio-cultural and economic dimensions by planning to expand and establish security (including the sum of indicators) in the counties of Sistan and Baluchestan province. Then, the correlation test between social security with development and its dimensions were performed,Social security has been significantly correlated with general development, socio-cultural development, and economic development. According to the results, the correlation of social security with all three components is very strong and has the highest correlation with general development. The test results show that it is possible to improve development in general and in socio-cultural and economic dimensions by planning to expand and establish social security in the counties of Sistan and Balouchestan province. In the correlation test between economic security and development and its dimensions, economic security has a significant correlation with general development, socio-cultural development and economic development. According to the results, the correlation of economic security with all three components is very strong and has been most correlated with general development. This result shows that development can be improved in general and in socio-cultural and economic dimensions by planning for the expansion and establishment of economic security in the counties of Sistan and Balouchestan province. In the test of the correlation between political security and development and its dimensions,Political security has been significantly correlated with general development, socio-cultural development, and economic development. The correlation between political security and all three components is very strong and has been most correlated with socio-cultural development. This result shows that development can be improved in general and in socio-cultural and economic dimensions by planning for the expansion and establishment of political security in the counties of the province. According to the test results, none of the security dimensions have significantly correlated with infrastructure development in Sistan and Balouchestan province. And finally, a regression test was performed between security (including total dimensions) and development (including total indicators). According to the results, 91. 6% of the development of the counties of the province can be planned and established by strengthening the indicators of security that have a positive impact and weakening the indicators of security that have a negative impact on security in the province level. Conclusion: According to the results obtained from correlation tests between variables and regression tests, security and its dimensions with development and its dimensions in border regions have a direct and two-way relationship with each other with a high correlation coefficient. In other words, development and security interact in border regions, so that any action in the process of achieving security has a direct impact on the process of achieving development and vice versa. Thus, areas with high security coefficient are more developed than areas with low security coefficient. However, according to the test results, infrastructure development is not correlated with any of the security dimensions, which can be justified due to the special and strategic location of the province. The results show that the present study is in line with the theoretical basis of the research, which is an attitude toward mutual understanding of security and development, and confirms the prevalence of this attitude (except in a few cases) in this region and indicate that security and development in border regions is directly related to national development and security, and any action that affects the security or development of the border regions will have an impact with variable ratios on national development and security.