سال:1394 | دوره: | شماره: |تعداد مقالات:8

the role of food industries in prevention and control of childhood obesity and the related consequences including metabolic syndrome (MetS) should be highlighted. Childhood obesity is considered as an underlying cause for the development of non-communicable diseases in adulthood. Therefore, primordial and primary prevention of such chronic diseases should be taken as a health priority. Dietary habits have an important role in the prevention and development of childhood obesity and its consequences. Different nutrients and foods might affect this process; however, the dietary pattern plays a more central role in this regard.

Background and Objectives: Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) eating pattern, a diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains and low-fat dairy with a reduced content of sodium, saturated fat, and total fat is introduced as an appropriate diet for hypertension. This eating pattern was basically designed to normalize blood pressure in patients with hypertension, and a large body of data could confirm its beneficial effects on blood pressure level. Here, we are going to discuss about the other aspects of this diet.Materials and Methods: PubMed, Scopus and Google Scholar databases were searched for relevant publications up to November 2014. No limitation was considered regarding the language or publication date.Results: Some studies have proposed more useful effects of this dietary approach, other than lowering blood pressure, such as reducing insulin resistance, and controlling the fasting blood sugar and lipid profiles, proposing it as a good dietary pattern to prevent cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). There is some evidence in prospective cohorts regarding the effect of DASH-style diet on CVDs or their major subclasses like coronary heart disease (CHD), stroke and heart failure (HF). A meta-analysis also showed the effects of this pattern on the indices of the glycemic control. Adherence to the DASH diet was inversely related to central obesity and metabolic syndrome features in observational studies in Iran. Furthermore, DASH is suitable for gestational diabetes mellitus, can have a role in the growth of the fetus, and may affect pregnancy outcomes.Conclusions: It is emphasized that DASH diet is suitable for whole life span. Evidence also confirms the beneficial effects of DASH on obese children. Consumption of DASH diet for 6 weeks could reduce the circulating levels of hs-CRP among adolescents with MetS. Based on the existing facts, we can conclude that DASH is a good dietary pattern for both controlling the metabolic risk factors and being healthy.

Background and Objectives: This study was undertaken to determine the relationship between food security and individual dietary diversity score (IDDS).Materials and Methods: This population-based cross-sectional study was conducted on 200 non-diabetic individuals aged ≥40 years, selected randomly from the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study. Household food security was measured using a validated United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) 18-item questionnaire and IDDS using a valid and reliable 147-item food frequency questionnaire based on five food groups of the Food Guide Pyramid.Results: Overall, 48.5% of the study subjects had high, 36.0% had borderline, and 15.5% had low food security. Significant inverse correlations were observed between the scores for food security, diversity of fruits and vegetables, and total IDDS. Food secure group had significantly higher total IDDS (4.74±1.40 vs.5.15±1.28, P=0.033) and score for diversity of fruits (1.48±1.40 vs.1.68±1.28, P=0.030) as compared to the food insecure group. After adjusting for covariates, higher food security score was associated with lower total IDDS (regression coefficient for a 1-unit difference in diversity score=-0.130, P=0.040), and score for diversity of fruits (regression coefficient for a 1-unit difference in diversity score=-0.182, P=0.010).Conclusions: The results showed an inverse relationship between food security score and dietary diversity score. Intake of different fruits is associated with higher food security.

Background and Objectives: Snacks are important parts of diabetes patients’ diet. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of moderate amounts of dates and raisins, as nutritious snacks, on blood glucose, and to compare these effects with sugar in patients with type 2 diabetes.Materials and Methods: This crossover clinical trial was performed on 15 patients with type 2 diabetes. In each experimental day, fasting blood glucose (FBG) was initially measured, and a breakfast containing 90 g bread was consumed. Two hours later, blood glucose was measured. Then a snack containing 15 g available carbohydrate from dates, raisins, or sugar was given, and postprandial blood glucose was measured at 30, 60, and 120 min. The procedure was performed on 3 days, each day with one of the aforementioned snacks. Comparisons between the different snacks were done with the Friedman’s test.Results: Consumption of dates, raisins, or sugar did not increase blood glucose (alterations in blood glucose at 30 min compared to the time point before snack consumption were -2.23±32.0, -6.33±24.3, and -2.30±16.9 for dates, raisins, and sugar, respectively), and there was no significant difference between the snacks in blood glucose levels at any time point after their consumption, and also in the area under the curve of blood glucose alterations.Conclusions: In moderate quantities, the effects of dates, raisins and sugar on the blood glucose of diabetes patients were similar. However, considering their nutrient content, dates and raisins may be more suitable snacks than sugar for patients with type 2 diabetes.

Background and Objectives: Metabolic syndrome (MS) is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disorders. MS is increasing among adolescents. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of MS in 11-18 years old Birjandi school children in 2012.Materials and Methods: This cross–sectional study was conducted on 2394 eleven-eighteen years old school children in Birjand (1304 girls and 1090 boys) through Multiple-Cluster Sampling. Height, weight, waist circumference and blood pressure were measured by standard methods. Blood glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol, HDL-C and LDL-C were measured after a 12-hour fasting. MS was defined according to the modified Adult Treatment Panel III criteria. Data were analyzed by the SPSS software (ver.16) using statistical T test, logistic regression and Chi square at P<0.05.Results: According to this study, 6.9% of adolescents (4.5% of females and 9.9% of males) had MS. Occurrence rate of MS in male students was 2.32 times of female ones. Components of MS included low HDL (27.7%), hypertriglyceridemia (23.7%), central obesity (16.2%), systolic hypertension (9.4%), diastolic hypertension (0.9%), and high FBS (0.6%). This study showed a significant relationship between MS, and overweight, obesity and central obesity.48.5% of the adolescents had at least one component of MS.Conclusions: MS has a high prevalence in Birjandi adolescents, particularly in the obese ones. Thus, preventive measures such as correcting life style, having appropriate nutrition, and encouraging adolescents to have more physical activity are recommended.

Background and Objectives: This study aimed to develop and validate a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) for measuring calcium intake in 9-13 years old children in Tehran, Iran.Materials and Methods: A 56-item FFQ containing main contributors of calcium in Iranian diet was designed. Criterion validity of the calcium specific FFQ was evaluated through comparing its result with five 24-h recalls as the reference method. Reproducibility was measured by twice administration of FFQ, one month apart. The study was performed in the selected primary and middle schools of Tehran city. Subjects included 184 children aged 9-13 years (90 girls and 94 boys), who were recruited through two-stage systematic cluster sampling from 20 primary and middle schools.Results: Mean calcium intake was 922.8±322.3 and 876.0±491.8 mg/d for the 24-h recalls and FFQ, respectively, indicating a mean difference of 46.7±458.7 mg/d (P<0.001). Corrected Pearson’s correlation was 0.57. Cross-classification analysis of the FFQ and 24-h recalls classified 80% of the subjects in the same or adjacent category, and 6% in the extreme quartiles. The FFQ correctly identified 85% of the children consuming less calcium than the age-specific Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) (1300 mg/d). Pearson’s correlation for repeated administrations was 0.65. Cross-classification analysis of the repeated administration of FFQ classified 81% of the subjects in the same or adjacent quartiles, and 3.3% in the extreme categories.Conclusions: The FFQ underestimates mean calcium intake of a group, and has limited use to estimate calcium intake for individuals. However, it has acceptable validity and reproducibility for epidemiologic studies to assess a group’s mean calcium intake.

Background and Objectives: 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) is known as an indicator of quality deterioration in a wide range of foods. The current study covered 70 samples taken from domestically produced foods and drinks available on the Iranian market (including honey, jam, fruit cakes tomato paste, ketchup, syrup, fruit juice, canned fruit, ultra-high-temperature (UHT) milk, instant coffee, and jelly powder).Materials and Methods: HMF levels were determined using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and ultraviolet (UV) detector.Results: The mean recovery values ranged from 84.4 to 105.8%. Varying amounts (11.42-929 mg kg-1) of HMF were found in 48 out of the 70 (87%) samples analyzed. High levels of HMF were mainly seen in commercial honey (20.55– 928.96 mg kg-1), jams (51.10 to 245.97 mg kg-1), fruit cakes (nd-171.50 mg kg-1), and ketchup (32.70-72.19 mg kg-1). No HMF content was detected in UHT milk, instant coffee, and jelly powder.Conclusions: The results of our study suggest that, apart from honey, a number of other food commodities, including those containing fruit and/or sugar, hold considerable amounts of HMF. Therefore monitoring of HMF levels in foods seems to be necessary.

Background and Objectives: In this study, the proteolysis and lipolysis of Poosti cheese produced from raw sheep milk in mountainous eastern regions of Iran were investigated during 90 days of ripening.Materials and Methods: Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis for proteolysis (SDS-PAGE) and gas chromatography (GC) for free fatty acids (FFAs) were applied to investigate the intensity of lipid degradation. To evaluate the Poosti cheese microstructural changes, the area fraction parameter of the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrographs was also calculated by the Image J software.Results: The most alteration in protein profile was occurred in the first month of aging for high activity of the proteolytic microorganisms in this period. The amount of free fatty acids was depended on their length due to the variety of involved mechanisms. In addition, the microstructural parameter was considerably affected by the aging as a consequence of the effect of salt on the activity of raw milk and skin micro flora.Conclusions: The decline in proteolysis rate during the last stage of aging could be correlated with the inhibitory effects of salt on the engaged microorganisms, and increase in the pore fraction of the microstructure during the first month of Poosti cheese aging could be due to casein rearrangement and gas release by the fermentative activity of microorganisms.