سال:1395 | دوره: | شماره: |تعداد مقالات:8

Background: Helicobacter pylori has been identified as a group I carcinogenic bacterium that infects the gastric mucosa leading to gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, lymphoma, and gastric cancer. Pathogenesis of H. pylori depends on the virulence of the strain, host immune response, and modulating factors like smoking and diet.Objectives: This study aimed to assess the association between selected human leukocyte antigen (HLA) alleles including HLA-DQA1*0102, HLA-DQA1*0103, and HLA-DQB1*0301, and the presence of H. pylori infection and disease severity among dyspeptic patients.Materials and Methods: Gastric tissue samples were collected from 100 dyspeptic patients, who underwent upper gastrointestinal endoscopy at a tertiary care hospital. Presence of HLA alleles was confirmed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Helicobacter pylori infection was determined using PCR and Histology. The histological interpretation was done according to the ‘Sydney classification.’ Statistical analysis was done with SPSS version 22.Results: Respective percentages of HLA-DQA1*0102, HLA-DQA1*0103, and HLA-DQB1*0301 were 39%, 31%, and 20%, respectively. Of the 25 samples positive for H. pylori infection, 56% (14/25), 36% (9.25), and 12% (3.25) were positive for HLA-DQA1*0102, HLA-DQA1*0103, and HLA-DQB1*0301 alleles respectively. Considering the association with H. pylori infection, only HLA-DQA1*0102 showed significant association (P=.044). No significant association was found between the HLA alleles and the histological severity among the H. pylori infected patients.Conclusion: Investigation of immunogenetic factors contributing to susceptibility or resistance to H. pylori infection in Sri Lanka can provide an insight into understanding the risk of developing severe pathological complications among patients.

Background: Immune responses are crucial for optimal health and can be affected by several factors including host genetics. Genetic selection would seem to have some effects on immunological memory. Some genes control disease resistance in broiler chickens. Noticeable increase in the production potential of broiler chickens has been observed recently. One way to increase the production potential of commercial broiler chickens is utilization of genetic selection. Genetic enhancements in growth rate and carcass weight reported in new broiler lines, and these new lines have shorter breeding period. High growth rate in broiler chickens has some negative consequences. Fast- growing birds as compared to slower-growing birds, have high mortality, because high growth rate may lead to metabolic diseases or infections.Objectives: The current study examines immune response against Newcastle disease vaccine in Ross 308, Cobb 500, and Hubbard F15 strains.Materials and Methods: A total of 36 000 one-day-old broiler chicks of Hubbard F15, Cobb 500, and Ross 308 strains were divided into 3 equal groups with 2 replicates and 6000 birds per replicate. The birds were reared under similar conditions from 1-day-old to 49 days of age. All groups were vaccinated against Newcastle disease. Blood samples were collected before vaccination and on 7, 17, 27, 35, 42, 48 days of age and antibody titer against Newcastle disease vaccine was determined by Hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test.Results: The Cobb 500 and Hubbard F15 stains, respectively, had the highest and the lowest immune responses against Newcastle disease vaccine. Ross 308 had the second status among the strains.Conclusion: On the basis of present study, Cobb 500 and Ross 308 chickens had better immune responses against Newcastle disease vaccine and therefore are recommended for rearing, respectively.

Background: Microorganisms resistant to most antibiotics are rapidly spreading, and there is an urgent and continuous need for novel antimicrobial compounds. The genus Citrus belongs to the family Rutaceae and has many biologically active secondary metabolites.Objectives: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of essential oil and extract of Lemon (Citrus limon), Mandarin (Citrus reticulata), and Pummelo (Citrus grandis) against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, and Salmonella typhi.Materials and Methods: The fresh Citrus leaves were shade-dried and powdered. Then, their antimicrobial metabolites were extracted by 80% methanol, and a Clevenger-type apparatus was used for essential oil. Eight different concentrations of each leaf extract and essential oil were prepared. The antimicrobial susceptibility of Citrus leaf metabolites were assayed against 4 bacterial strains by agar disc diffusion and E-test method.Results: In this study, minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of different Citrus leaf extracts were determined against all four food-borne pathogens. The C. grandis leaf essential oil had potent antimicrobial activity against all four pathogens, and the C. limon leaf essential oil was effective on Gram positive bacteria. Salmonella typhi was resistant against these two leaves’ essential oils.Conclusion: The results showed that the extracts had no antimicrobial effect on tested bacteria. In this study, the antibacterial effect of essential oil of Citrus leaves on four strains of pathogenic microorganisms was confirmed. The C. grandis leaf essential oil had the most powerful antimicrobial properties, suggesting its potential application as natural preservative in foods or an effective medicine against different pathogenic microbes.

Background: Colicins produced by colicinogenic Escherichia coli (CEC) are narrow-spectrum antimicrobial agents that are able to kill or prevent closely related strains.Objectives: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of Colicin on the induction of treated mice in prevention of infection caused by E. coli K99.Materials and Methods: The experiment was conducted on 2 mice groups of 2-week-old (30 in each group). All mice were administered streptomycin sulfate prior to treatment to eliminate resident E. coli. Group 1 was orally inoculated with phosphate buffer saline (PBS) as control and the second was fed with colicin solution as treated group. Both control and treated groups were challenged by 3 LD50 of E. coli K99 and followed up for 1 week. Results: Treated mice did not show severe clinical signs. While diarrhea with different sings of colibacillosis was established in control group, infected mice showed different clinical signs.Conclusion: The study indicates that the use of colicin and biotherapy instead of antibiotic may be more safe and efficient for control of E. coli K99 infection. Treated mice by colicin solution protected E. coli K99 colonization and reduced fecal shedding. Investigation on livestock for applying colicin in animal farms is recommended.

Background: Cholera is an endemic disease in Iran and each year we are faced with some outbreaks throughout the country.Objectives: The objective of this study was to analyze the isolated cholera strains from outbreak in 2013 and study their similarity and compare their homology in order to find out the route of infection whether emerged from foreign strains or reemerged from domestic native strains.Materials and Methods: All diagnosed Vibrio cholerae isolates were entered to the study after re-identification at referral laboratory of Ministry of Health and Medical Education based on standard procedures. These specimens were examined for specific serogroups by O1 polyvalent and Ogawa/Inaba monospecific antisera and tested by MIC Test Strip Method against ciprofloxacin (CIP), nalidixic acid (NA), cefixime (CFM), ampicillin (AMP), tetracycline (TE), trimethoprim-sulfamethaxazone (SXT), and erythromycin.Results: A total of 257 clinical V. cholerae was isolated from 2013 outbreak in Iran. The dominant causative type was Inaba. Vibrio cholerae was reported and isolated from 12 provinces, while 81.71% of cases was from two southeast provinces. The outbreaks started from August and lasted till November. According to antibiotic susceptibility test, isolates were 100% resistant to NA, TE, and SXT, while all were sensitive to CIP, CFM, and AMP. Twenty-three percent of strains were sensitive to erythromycin and all were isolated at the first two weeks of outbreak either from Iranian citizens or from foreign travelers. Homology of isolates was investigated through genotyping by pulse field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) method and their clonality was compared with previously-isolated Iranian native strains. Overall, 92% of analyzed strains showed a homolog pattern. These strains were located in 8 clusters. Although isolated strains in 2011 had 80% homology to recent isolates, they were located in a totally distinct cluster from all strains isolated in 2013. PFGE analysis revealed no dissimilarity between resistant and sensitive stains to erythromycin.Conclusion: This study confirmed that isolated Inaba strains in 2013 had different clonality patterns in PFGE from previously identified strains, suggesting the presence of a foreign route, namely, from the neighboring countries.

Background: Infectious diseases are still one of the main causes of death according to the World Health Organization (WHO) reports. Plants due to their biochemical metabolites have been considered as one of the important sources for investigation in this field. Ethnobotanical and ethnopharmacological researches are considered effective in developing new anti-infectives. Sumac (Rhus coriaria L.) has been used as an anti-infective agent by ancient Iranian medical sages.Objectives: The aim of this study was to isolate bioactive agents of sumac epicarp with probable antibacterial activity.Materials and Methods: Grounded epicarp of sumac fruit was fractionated with different solvents. The fractions were dried and subjected to antibacterial investigation. Ethyl acetate fraction showed the strongest antibacterial activity. This fraction was further investigated through TLC-bioautography which led to the isolation of two crystallized compounds. The structure of these compounds (1 and 2) was identified using spectroscopic techniques. Isolated compounds were tested for antimicrobial activities.Results: Compound 1 which was named 1, 2-dioxo-6-hydroxycyclohexadiene-4-carboxilic acid was isolated from R. coriaria L. for the first time. It showed antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (minimum inhibitory concentration [MIC] =0.02%). Compound 2 which was identified as gallic acid showed weak antibacterial effects on both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria (MIC>0.1%).Conclusion: This is the first report about the chemical structures of antibacterial constituents of R. coriaria L. Previous studies have shown anti-methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) activity of sumac total extract. Compound 1 as the most effective anti- S. aureus component of sumac extract would be responsible for this activity and could be the subject matter for future investigations.

Background: In poultry production, improving immunity is very important in preventing infectious diseases. One solution to improve the immunity of animals and to decrease their susceptibility to infectious diseases is administration of immunostimulants. Surveys have indicated that some bacteria such as Mycobacterium vaccae can work as immunomodulators, promote Th1-mediated mechanisms, and switch off pre-existing Th2 preponderance.1 Objectives: The aim of this study was to examine the effect of Tsukamurella inchonensis bacterin on the immune response against influenza and Newcastle disease (ND) vaccines in broiler chickens.Materials and Methods: A total of 170 one-day-old broiler chicks were purchased and divided randomly into 5 equal groups. Chickens of group A received 106 bacterin subcutaneously 2 days before vaccination against ND and avian influenza (AI). Chickens of group B received 106 bacterin subcutaneously 6 days after the first injection of bacterin. Chickens of group C received 106 bacterin subcutaneously 6 days after the second injection of bacterin. Chickens of group D were vaccinated against ND and AI but did not receive bacterin. Chickens of group E were not vaccinated against ND and AI and did not receive bacterin. All groups except group E were vaccinated with live Newcastle vaccine and AI-ND killed vaccine (subtype H9N2). Blood samples were collected and antibody titer against ND vaccine and AI vaccine was determined by hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test.Results: The results of present study showed that receiving T. inchonensis bacterin for 3 times significantly increased the specific antibody response to AI subtype H9N2 vaccine. Moreover, the specific antibody response to Newcastle vaccine was significantly increased at days 21 and 28 after vaccination.Conclusion: Receiving T. inchonensis bacterin can enhance immune response against ND virus and AI virus.

Taenia saginatacan cause severe health and economic problems particularly in areas where it is endemic. The disease caused by this cestode is related to poor sanitary conditions, inadequate hygiene, open defecation, inadequately cooked beef, and poverty. A 35-year old man found yellowish white tapeworm proglottids moving in his feces and consulted with the Department of Emergency, Shahid Rajaei hospital, Karaj, Iran. He complained of lower abdominal discomfort, anal itching, and something moving in the stomach. He was given wrong prescription. The patient had the history of eating undercooked beef. Herein we report a case of T. saginata infection based on an adult tapeworm recovery from the infection. The specific identification of the worm was based on standard procedures. Three months after expelling the tapeworm, the man felt better and returned to his normal life.