The using of SPI and SPEI indices in evaluating the effect of drought on quality of surface water resources (Case study: Kashafroud river)

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Helmi Mahtab; SHAHIDI ALI

Title

The using of SPI and SPEI indices in evaluating the effect of drought on quality of surface water resources (Case study: Kashafroud river)

Author(s)

Helmi Mahtab | SHAHIDI ALI | Issue Writer Certificate

Keywords

Anion

Cation

River

Standard precipitation index

Abstract

Introduction: Severe droughts in arid and semi-arid regions caused by inappropriate human interventions have reduced the quantity and quality of surface water in these regions. Generally, rainfall, drought, climate, industrial and agricultural activities are among the factors that have a significant impact on surface water quality Due to the importance of the drought phenomenon and its effects on the quality of surface water and groundwater, the investigation of this issue has attracted the attention of researchers in Iran and other parts of the world. For this purpose, researchers have used various indicators to monitor drought and its effect on water quality. It is necessary to use appropriate methods and study the effect of phenomena such as drought on the quality of surface water. This is a tool for water resources in critical conditions. This topic has been considered in various researches. As a result of Iran’, s loCation, and especially its Khorasan Razavi Province, a large part of its area is prone to droughts. Also, taking into account that having sufficient and quality water resources is necessary and fundamental to preserve the environment, economic development and agricultural activities, it is important to control and monitor the factors affecting the quality of surface water for different uses. Considering the above explanations and the importance of the Kashafroud River in the part that passes through Mashhad city and the lack of studies in this regard in this area, this research was conducted with the aim of identifying the water quality parameters in the Kashafroud River of Mashhad and evaluating the effect of droughts on the water quality of this River. In this study, SPI and SPEI indices were used to determine drought and finally, changes in the quality of surface water resources were researched. Materials and Methods: The Kashafroud River is one of the largest Rivers in Iran and is part of Khorasan Razavi Province. Considering the important role of the Kashafroud River in the biological, ecological, economic and social balance of the region and the water supply of Mashhad, identifiCation of polluting sources and continuous awareness of the qualitative changes of this River is the first step towards the sustainable management of water resources on this River. In order to conduct this research, the daily temperature and precipitation data of 6 meteorological stations were used to calculate the drought index. Also, the daily quality parameters of 6 hydrometric stations with a time period of 30 years (1989-2019) have been used. SPI and SEPI indices have been presented to determine and monitor drought. The SPI allows an analyst to quantify drought or abnormal moisture events on a specific time scale over any region of the globe where precipitation is recorded. The advantage of SEPI over SPI is to consider the effect of evapotranspiration on drought. At different time scales, this index uses the simple equation of water balance, i. e. the difference between precipitation and potential transpiration evaporation based on the Torrent-White method. Negative values of these indices indicate the occurrence of drought and positive values indicate the end of drought. In this research, 10 qualitative parameters were determined from 6 hydrometric stations in the period 1989-2019. These parameters include TDS, Hco3-, SO4-, Cl-, Ca, Mg, Na, SAR, EC and pH. Discussion of Results: Based on calculated SPI and SPEI indices, all the stations were introduced in 1992 as drought and in 2013 as wet. During drought, surface water quality parameters in the studied basin showed significant changes. Therefore, based on the results of Pearson’, s correlation test, there was a significant relationship between drought and changes in water quality parameters at all stations. Considering the role of temperature in the electrical conductivity of water and the increase in temperature during the period when drought occurs, it can be expected that EC will increase during drought. In this study, according to the obtained results, the value of EC parameter increased in all stations in the drought year (2013) and on the other hand, it decreased in the drought year (2013). The average value of EC in Jaghargh, Golmakan, Hesardehbar, Jang, Kertian and Olang Asadi stations in drought compared to the long-term average increased by 30. 64, 1. 75, 9. 45, 6. 73, 5. 04 and 70. 73%. In fact, the increase in temperature due to drought has enhanced the value of EC. According to the results, the average of other water quality parameters has changed between droughts and droughts during the entire statistical period. Therefore, the value of these parameters increased in drought and decreased in drought. There is a significant relationship between drought and sulfate ion changes at all stations. At Jaghargh station, during the drought, the amount of this ion increased by 0. 45 mg/liter compared to the long-term average and caused a change of 14. 23%. While the amount of SO4 has decreased by 0. 68 mg/liter compared to the long-term average in 2013. These results are in agreement with the results of Zwolsman who reported the negative effect of drought on the concentration of the main ions in water such as sulfate. The ratio of sodium absorption in the drought period has increased compared to the long-term average, similar to other investigated parameters. The maximum of this increase was in Olang Asadi station (49. 12 percent) and the minimum was at Golmakan station (14. 73 percent). The results of the mentioned research showed that the increase in temperature due to drought caused an increase in EC value. Finally, an increase in other quality parameters was observed in the dry period. In confirmation of these results, we studied the effect of drought on surface water quality in Golestan province. The results showed that the occurrence of drought periods has a significant effect on water quality factors compared to the long-term period. Conclusions: In general, droughts are associated with water crises and a severe reduction in surface water resources. Continuous monitoring and evaluation of surface water and the effect of drought on it is necessary to know the quantitative and qualitative changes and to plan the catchment area. Therefore, conducting studies to investigate the quality of surface water as well as the factors affecting it can provide useful information for the realization of future goals and plans. Therefore, this research was carried out in order to investigate the changes in the water quality of the Kashafroud River in the part of Mashhad city. This was done under the influence of drought and drought. Finally, it should be mentioned that the results of this research were limited to the effects of drought on the Kashafroud River of Mashhad without considering other factors on its quality. How water enters and leaves the River and other factors can be considered in future research. It is suggested to determine the role of polluting sources such as runoff and sewage in changing the water quality of this River.

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APA: Copy

Helmi, Mahtab, & SHAHIDI, ALI. (2023). The using of SPI and SPEI indices in evaluating the effect of drought on quality of surface water resources (Case study: Kashafroud river). JOURNAL OF DROUGHT AND CLIMATE CHANGE RESEARCH, 1(1 (1) ), 83-96. SID. https://sid.ir/paper/1051074/en

Vancouver: Copy

Helmi Mahtab, SHAHIDI ALI. The using of SPI and SPEI indices in evaluating the effect of drought on quality of surface water resources (Case study: Kashafroud river). JOURNAL OF DROUGHT AND CLIMATE CHANGE RESEARCH[Internet]. 2023;1(1 (1) ):83-96. Available from: https://sid.ir/paper/1051074/en

IEEE: Copy

Mahtab Helmi, and ALI SHAHIDI, “The using of SPI and SPEI indices in evaluating the effect of drought on quality of surface water resources (Case study: Kashafroud river),” JOURNAL OF DROUGHT AND CLIMATE CHANGE RESEARCH, vol. 1, no. 1 (1) , pp. 83–96, 2023, [Online]. Available: https://sid.ir/paper/1051074/en

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Scientific Information Database

ISSN: 2588-4824

Journal Paper

The using of SPI and SPEI indices in evaluating the effect of drought on quality of surface water resources (Case study: Kashafroud river)