Analysis of climate change adaptation laws in developed countries

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FARZANEH MOHAMMADREZA; Banimostafa Arab Faezeh

Title

Analysis of climate change adaptation laws in developed countries

Author(s)

FARZANEH MOHAMMADREZA | Banimostafa Arab Faezeh | Issue Writer Certificate

Keywords

Climate change adaptation

Socio-ecological systems

Regulation

Resource system

Actor system

Governance system

Abstract

Introduction: Indiscriminate emissions of greenhouse gases causes an increase in the earth’, s temperature. Due to climate change, which has significant implications for social, economic, and environmental systems around the world, effective approaches and Regulations are required to cope with this phenomenon. Because developed countries consume the most energy, they are one of the main causes of greenhouse gas emissions. One of the two important approaches to combating climate change is to examine the experiences of their adaptation measures. Regulation in Climate change adaptation includes laws and policies that consider measures to deal with climate change. In this research, Climate change adaptation laws in developed countries have been analyzed based on thematic axes. Materials and methods: First, to determine the development of countries, we use the United Nations Human Development Index (HDI) in 2022, whose value is variable between zero and one, and values higher than 0. 8 are assigned to developed countries. As part of this study, time series analysis is used as the analytical method. The Climate Change Laws of the World (CCLW) database is used to extract adaptation laws in developed countries, and the time trend of Regulation is analyzed. Qualitative analysis is also formed based on considering the Socio-ecological systems framework in the form of three systems of resource, actor, and governance and their respective subsystems. The Resource system includes six main subsystems of Land Use, Land Use Change, and Forestry (LULUCF),coastal zones,cross-cutting areas,environment,waste, and water. The Actor system includes seven subsystems: energy, building, transportation, industry, agriculture, health and tourism. Finally, the Governance system consists of six subsystems: public sector, finance, rural, urban and social development. Results: Quantitative and qualitative analysis was done in seven different sections. First, in the first section, the axes related to adaptation to climate change were examined, which were divided into four categories of “, Adaptation and mitigation”, , “, Adaptation and disaster risk management”, , “, Adaptation, mitigation, and disaster risk management”,and “, Adaptation, disaster risk management, and loss and damage”,are that have 56, 33, 5 and 4 laws, respectively, and the approval of laws in the second axis is considered before the other axes. A more significant amount of attention has been given to the Actor system in the first and second axes of the law, as well as the Governance system in the third axis. In the second section, Climate change adaptation to laws was reviewed. A total of 30 laws (35% of all adaptation laws) belong to developed countries, the first of which was approved in 1957 in Israel and the last in 2018 in Japan. The third section dealt with the spatial analysis of laws based on the continents, where the most laws belonged to Europe, America, Asia, and Oceania, respectively. Uruguay had the most laws (3 laws), too. In the fourth section, time and spatial trends of analysis of laws were done based on Socio-ecological systems. In the results, the Actor system was more important than the other two systems, followed by the resource and Governance systems. Also, the approval of laws in the actor and Resource systems dates back to 1957, while the Governance system dates back to 2008. The spatial analysis also revealed that Europe has more rules in each system and the contribution of the Actor system is higher. In the fifth to seventh sections, resource, actor, and Governance systems and their subsystems were analyzed timely and spatially. In the fifth section, it was shown that in the Resource system, the water subsystem, was considered before other subsystems in 1957, and it was generally mentioned more in the laws. Also, in Europe and America, more attention has been paid to the water subsystem, and in Asia to the coastal zones. In the sixth section, it was shown that in the Actor system, the agriculture and health subsystems passed the law before others in 1957. While the energy subsystem has been mentioned more. Additionally, the energy subsystem has contributed more to Europe and Oceania, while the health and transportation subsystems have contributed more to Asia and America. In the seventh section, the Governance system in Hungary has only one law which was approved in 2008. The eighth section contains the general results and shows that with the passage of time and increased awareness of the phenomenon of climate change and the role of the adaptation approach in dealing with it, the number of laws in each decade has increased compared to the previous decade and they have covered more comprehensive and wide-ranging topics and objectives, including research programs, comprehensive plans, adaptation strategies, and actions, creation of climate funds and programs, etc. Conclusion: Climate change has extensive harmful effects, and a suitable approach is necessary to deal with it. A quantitative and qualitative analysis of the time and spatial trends of Climate change adaptation laws in developed countries was carried out based on the three Socio-ecological systems including resource, actor, and Governance systems and their subsystems, and it was shown that Climate change adaptation Regulation in developed countries began since 1957 and continued until 2018, Europe has accounted for the largest share and the Actor system has received more attention than the other two systems. Also, the subsystems of water, energy, and economy-wide have been more important in these systems, and attention has been paid to the subsystems of water, agriculture, and health before the rest of the subsystems. Over time, the laws have become more complete and have taken into account more different aspects of adaptation to climate change.

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APA: Copy

FARZANEH, MOHAMMADREZA, & Banimostafa Arab, Faezeh. (2023). Analysis of climate change adaptation laws in developed countries. JOURNAL OF DROUGHT AND CLIMATE CHANGE RESEARCH, 1(1 (1) ), 49-70. SID. https://sid.ir/paper/1051098/en

Vancouver: Copy

FARZANEH MOHAMMADREZA, Banimostafa Arab Faezeh. Analysis of climate change adaptation laws in developed countries. JOURNAL OF DROUGHT AND CLIMATE CHANGE RESEARCH[Internet]. 2023;1(1 (1) ):49-70. Available from: https://sid.ir/paper/1051098/en

IEEE: Copy

MOHAMMADREZA FARZANEH, and Faezeh Banimostafa Arab, “Analysis of climate change adaptation laws in developed countries,” JOURNAL OF DROUGHT AND CLIMATE CHANGE RESEARCH, vol. 1, no. 1 (1) , pp. 49–70, 2023, [Online]. Available: https://sid.ir/paper/1051098/en

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Scientific Information Database

ISSN: 2588-4824

Journal Paper

Analysis of climate change adaptation laws in developed countries