TECHNICAL EVALUATION OF SPRINKLER IRRIGATION SYSTEMS WHICH WERE IMPLEMENTED IN TEA FIELDS OF THE GUILAN PROVINCE

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MAJD SALIMI K.; SALVATIAN S.B.; AMIRI E.

Title

TECHNICAL EVALUATION OF SPRINKLER IRRIGATION SYSTEMS WHICH WERE IMPLEMENTED IN TEA FIELDS OF THE GUILAN PROVINCE

Author(s)

MAJD SALIMI K. | SALVATIAN S.B. | AMIRI E. | Issue Writer Certificate

Keywords

IRRIGATION EFFICIENCYQ3

IRRIGATION MANAGEMENT IN TEA PLANTQ2

SUPPLEMENTAL IRRIGATIONQ2

WATER REQUIREMENTQ1

Abstract

Introduction: Designing and management of sprinkler irrigation systems depend on the situation andlocation of its implementation and often rely on professional and long-term tests (9). Having a good irrigationsystem depends on knowledge of the relationship between soil, water, plants, irrigation scheduling, the requiredamount of irrigation water to the water-holding capacity of soil, climate and plant growth (6). The less use ofsprinkler irrigation systems and less performed research projects in the Guilan province, lack of correct designparameters due to shortage of the required parameters for local and regional planning, has led to reliance oncharts and tables. Therefore, planning water resources cannot be performed well and with accurate details. According to many researchers (8), the technical evaluation should be a regular and short-term process to reviewthe problems and possible performance of irrigation systems. Merriam and Keller (10) defined the assessment ofan irrigation system analysis, based on field measurements in real terms during the normal work of the system. There fore, to develop these systems over the next few years, it is essential to evaluate the use of irrigationsystems and review the performance of existing problems and utilizing the results to improve it. The aim of thisstudy was to assess the current status of implemented irrigation systems in the tea plantations of Guilan andevaluate their performance.Materials and Methods: In this study, six classic sprinkler irrigation systems in tea fields of Guilanprovince were evaluated during two years. Sprinkler irrigation systems of semi-portable, solid-set and solid-set (hand-move sprinkler) were selected randomly. To evaluate this irrigation systems, Christiansen’s uniformitycoefficient (CU), distribution uniformity (DU), potential application efficiency of low-quarter (PELQ) andapplication efficiency of low-quarter (AELQ) in the form of trial blocks were estimated by measuring pressurefluctuations which were applied to the entire system. Using irrigated area and irrigation water depth, adequacy ofirrigation curve, deep percolation losses and spray losses were determined on the basis of existing relationships.Results and Discussion: Average values of CU, DU, PELQ and AELQ for 6 tea fields were 65, 52, 44 and44 percent, respectively. Application efficiency in all irrigation systems, Christiansen’s uniformity coefficientand distribution uniformity were lower than recommended values in the references. Merriam and Keller (11)reported the allowable range for potential application efficiency of low-quarter between 65 to 85 percent. Withrespect to irrigation less than the actual WATER REQUIREMENT of the plant in tea fields, AELQ was equal with PELQ. Untechnical design and implementation of irrigation systems, particularly poor operating pressure and economicproblems were detected as the main reasons for the low PELQ. Simultaneous use of sprinklers with differentspecifications and models, old irrigation systems, water leakage from valves and other equipment, practically change the pressure and flow rate, which were the main reasons for the decrease in uniformity of waterdistribution and application efficiency of low-quarter. According to Cobban (4) uniformity coefficient ofsprinkler irrigation systems were reported between 31 to 55 percent in Tanzania tea fields and in other reportswere between 58 to 72 percent (7), which was due to poor design, long spacing of sprinklers and high speedwind. Christiansen’s uniformity coefficient and distribution uniformity of low-quarter in ED, WB & EP systemswere lower than recommended values by Merriam and Keller (%81≤CU≤87% & %67≤DU≤80%) (10). In spiteof the little losses in deep percolation, irrigation adequacy of these systems was relatively low and unacceptable. In such circumstances, only about 20 to 38% of irrigated area in WA and CK systems, respectively received therequired water or more, according to lack of soil moisture (required irrigation depth). The main reason was lowuniformity of water distribution in irrigation systems which was described previously. Evaluated spray losses inirrigation systems was variable between 4.8 to 13 percent. The losses obtained in irrigation systems in tea fieldsin comparison with the values 2.6 to 42.4 which were obtained in other regions of the country were less by (1, 3, 5 and 12) due to low wind speed and high relative humidity (2) as the main reasons.Conclusion: Average values of CU, DU, PELQ and AELQ for 6 tea fields were 65, 52, 44 and 44 percent, respectively that were lower than recommended values in the references. The results showed that old irrigation systems in tea fields are not in good functional status due to untechnical design and implementation, operation, exploitation and inappropriate maintenance (due to economic problems and lack of farmer’s knowledge onirrigation). To improve the performance and efficiency of irrigation systems in the tea fields, detailedinformation are recommended, to design and implement with detailed information accomplished by regionalcompanies. Moreover, the use of solid-set (hand-move sprinkler) sprinkler irrigation instead of semi-portablewith manual handling (aluminum pipes), operation of irrigation groups and promoting farmers' knowledge aboutthe principles of proper the scheduling and management, operation and maintenance of irrigation systems arevery effective to improve the performance indices.

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APA: Copy

MAJD SALIMI, K., SALVATIAN, S.B., & AMIRI, E.. (2015). TECHNICAL EVALUATION OF SPRINKLER IRRIGATION SYSTEMS WHICH WERE IMPLEMENTED IN TEA FIELDS OF THE GUILAN PROVINCE. JOURNAL OF WATER AND SOIL (AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY), 29(2), 336-349. SID. https://sid.ir/paper/141062/en

Vancouver: Copy

MAJD SALIMI K., SALVATIAN S.B., AMIRI E.. TECHNICAL EVALUATION OF SPRINKLER IRRIGATION SYSTEMS WHICH WERE IMPLEMENTED IN TEA FIELDS OF THE GUILAN PROVINCE. JOURNAL OF WATER AND SOIL (AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY)[Internet]. 2015;29(2):336-349. Available from: https://sid.ir/paper/141062/en

IEEE: Copy

K. MAJD SALIMI, S.B. SALVATIAN, and E. AMIRI, “TECHNICAL EVALUATION OF SPRINKLER IRRIGATION SYSTEMS WHICH WERE IMPLEMENTED IN TEA FIELDS OF THE GUILAN PROVINCE,” JOURNAL OF WATER AND SOIL (AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY), vol. 29, no. 2, pp. 336–349, 2015, [Online]. Available: https://sid.ir/paper/141062/en

Scientific Information Database

ISSN: 2588-4824

Journal Paper

TECHNICAL EVALUATION OF SPRINKLER IRRIGATION SYSTEMS WHICH WERE IMPLEMENTED IN TEA FIELDS OF THE GUILAN PROVINCE