A Revision of Geometric Training of Architects from Islamic View

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MOMTAHEN MEHDI; Narighomi Masoud

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Journal: JOURNAL OF RESEARCHES IN ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE Year:2019 | Volume:6 | Issue:4 (21) Page(s): 63-83

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Title

A Revision of Geometric Training of Architects from Islamic View

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MOMTAHEN MEHDI | Narighomi Masoud | Issue Writer Certificate

Keywords

ChildQ2

EnvironmentQ1

CityQ2

Child and Environment IntercommunicationQ1

Islamic ThoughtQ1

Abstract

This article is about value-based foundations of internalizing of geometry in young students of architecture. Training of geometry has long been an important part of architectural education that can be pursued back up to ancient Egypt and Babylon. But in modernity it has passed a radical change from a sacred one to a value-free job. But more precise look will show that this value-free claim has not been of real truth. Here via interpretativehistorical analyze it has been shown that four basic values are historically attached to the geometric facts of architecture that all of them have affected architectural education. The four value-giving areas of human life are the transcendental, the individual, the social and the materialistic ones. Putting emphasize on every of the four as canon of value makes a different type of architectural training system of geometry. In this study five types of geometrical approaches towards architecture upon value structures are introduced: 1. the absolute geometry: this approach refers to mathematical view of geometry and could be traced back to Platonic academy. But in its relationship to architecture the absolute geometry is linked to Aristotle’ s conception of geometry and its Islamic followers such as Avicenna and Farabi where he considered form as a production of the mind upon given information of the object. He sees form of no value-based content or meaning. This aspect of form could be realized in contemporary paradigm of parametric design while it has its counterparts in 19th century model of education of architects i. e. the tradition of polytechnics; 2. Geometry as a mirror of the transcendent: it has been the main stream of geometrical thought in Islamic world as well as some other traditional civilizations. But in the contemporary time it was modern movement that put such a heavy value on form a distinct platonic view of le Corbusier. It has its base in enlightment thinking of Ledoux and Bulee. In the field of education this was crystallized in Bauhaus style where Platonic volumes had their transcendental place as highest reference of creation; 3. Geometry as manifestation of the subject: this trend can be linked to Romantic thought. In Romanticism the hidden part of Kantian self was perceived to be emerged in artistic work of hand. So the hand drawings and sketch found a special attention from artistic architects. This view has been extended into current educational content of architecture. But it has its counterparts in primitive architectural analysis. The homology of body, home and the universe that Eliade among others presented is a semi-subjective theory of geometry for vernacular architecture. Presentation of self via hand sketch has a symbolic use in architectural education today; 4. Geometry as the manifestation of nature of the materiality: it is another product of Aristotle’ s geometric thought that was manifested in his conception of the term of “ form” but in contemporary architecture formalist movement of deconstruction and other critical theories is based on self-referring formal composition of either absolute formal components or synthetic collage. Architectural education of some Avant-grade schools such as AA school of London follows this current of geometric bias; 5. Geometry as united nature of the world: ancient view of Pythagoras about numerical order of the world has been an examplary vision for some traditions of architecture. Molla Sadra’ s theory of existence presents a different unity concept between human and nature. In currnt times some other theories claim this role of geometric order that unites world of subject with nature. Christopher Alexander’ s view in “ Nature of Order” proposes such a vision to geometric value of artifacts that can make them like living beings. In terms of architectural education apart from vernacular tools of cultural transmission could be traced in works of Alexander’ s followers. The second part of the study concentrates on Islamic view in terms of training attitude towards the geometry. This part of study is basically centered on Islamic original context (i. e. the Holy Quran and Ahadith). Two main words are found in this Islamic texts that relate to geometry: 1. “ Ghadr” : it is about measure in material world which has been considered as basic Quranic term in this respect within Islamic theorists of architecture. A notation that is strengthened amongst Shiiets by a verse from Imam Reza that equals the Quranic term with geometry (Hendeseh in Arabic and Persian). But this understanding of his verse is some doubt. Architectural consequences of this interpretation are about type 2 of five above mentioned types of geometry. 2. “ Kail” : this second term which is emphasized by our research as a new approach toward geometrical content of Islamic view in architecture is about deep humane relation with geometrical form. Kail upon its Quranic usage is those measures of materiality that are parallel to individual as well as social measures. This view has its effect on both content and method of geometrical education. Acceptance of Kail as main geometric concept in Islamic geometry has its effect in method and content of architectural education. In method the term replaces individualist motivation with social responsibility toward users and in content the psycho-social spaces which are defined by humane distances in Environmental psychology are put in transcendental place of absolute geometry.

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APA: Copy

MOMTAHEN, MEHDI, & Narighomi, Masoud. (2019). A Revision of Geometric Training of Architects from Islamic View. JOURNAL OF RESEARCHES IN ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE, 6(4 (21) ), 63-83. SID. https://sid.ir/paper/248357/en

Vancouver: Copy

MOMTAHEN MEHDI, Narighomi Masoud. A Revision of Geometric Training of Architects from Islamic View. JOURNAL OF RESEARCHES IN ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE[Internet]. 2019;6(4 (21) ):63-83. Available from: https://sid.ir/paper/248357/en

IEEE: Copy

MEHDI MOMTAHEN, and Masoud Narighomi, “A Revision of Geometric Training of Architects from Islamic View,” JOURNAL OF RESEARCHES IN ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE, vol. 6, no. 4 (21) , pp. 63–83, 2019, [Online]. Available: https://sid.ir/paper/248357/en

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