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Information Journal Paper

Title

The Geometry of Karbandi in Persian Architecture; Response to the Challenges of “ Rasmi” and “ Akhtari” Karbandi

Pages

  4-31

Abstract

 Karbandi is one of the original and ancient arched elements in Persian architecture which is formed based on a harmonic lattice geometry. In addition to the architectural function, it also has structural behavior and thus this architectural element attracted the attention of architectural masters throughout the history of Islamic Architecture and led to the creation of valuable architectural works; despite its executive progress, there are few research on its theoretical aspects and there are many ambiguities among the researchers in terms of the theoretical Geometry of Karbandi. One of these ambiguities is to determine how the geometry of different types of Karbandi is mapped; so that some references (for example: Mohammadian and Faramarzi, 2011; Raeisi et al., 2012) do not have a clear answer to this and therefore, some important types of Karbandi are forgotten. Some other references (for example: PourAhmadi, 2014) also deal with the complexity and ambiguity of Geometry of Karbandi with another approach and provide a new type of naming that is different from what exists in Persian architecture. According to the available information, different types of Karbandi cannot be easily distinguished. Rasmi and Akhtari Karbandi are of the controversial issues in recognizing the geometry. The present study aimed to identify and discover the geometric relationships of the Rasmi and Akhtari Karbandi based on actual examples as well as study and analyze the geometric characteristics of different types of them. The necessity of the present study is to clarify how the geometry of different types of Karbandi is mapped to provide a comprehensive classification for it based on executed examples. The results of the present study showed that the difference between the two types of Rasmi and Akhtari Karbandi is the connection distance between the points of division on the circle (d) and it is easy to recognize this note in rectangular and square bases. If the length of rectangle or a side of square (a) is in front of some segments of the circle and d=a, the resulting karbandi will be a type of simple Rasmi Karbandi. But in non-rectangular base, firstly, the base should be divided into two or more identical intersecting rectangles. In this case, the length of one of the intersecting rectangles is considered as a criterion to identify the type of karbandi. If d=a, the resulting karbandi will be a type of extension Rasmi Karbandi. If d a, the resulting karbandi will be a type of Akhtari Karbandi. In this case, there are mathematically several different states that were studied in this research. By studying the states, it was clear that if d=b (b: the number of segments of the circle in front of the width of intersecting rectangles), a type of Akhtari Karbandi will be formed that was mistakenly considered as Rasmi Karbandi in the previous studies. Additionally, it was approved that Tarkin vault is a type of Akhtari Karbandi, therefore, another type called “ Tarkin” is added to two other types of Akhtari Karbandi, i. e. “ discrete” and “ continuous” . By studying different types of Akhtari Karbandi, it was found that the difference between discrete and continuous Akhtari Karbandi(s) is that in discrete type, rotation of a regular polygon (often square) forms the Geometry of Karbandi but n continuous type, the Geometry of Karbandi is formed by a continuous Akhtari shape or its rotation. Also, the results showed that in a special state, the definitions of discrete Akhtari Karbandi and simple Rasmi Karbandi interfere with each other. This interference occurs when the base is square and karbandi is formed by the rotation of the square of the base. In this case, if d=a, the resulting karbandi will be a type of simple Rasmi Karbandi, otherwise it cannot be a Akhtari Karbandi. Different types of Rasmi and Akhtari Karbandi(s) are not always used alone; sometimes two or more Rasmi and Akhtari Karbandi(s) are combined and create a new type of Karbandi(s). Therefore, another type called “ compound karbandi” is added to two other types of plumb karbandi-i. e. Rasmi and Akhtari. Furthermore, a study on geometric properties of two plumb and out of plumb Karbandi(s) has clarified that plumb Karbandi(s) have not been always fully utilized and sometime one or two rows of Toranj near the center were removed and new type of karbandi was created. In this case, some hidden ribbed arches were used in order to increase the strength of karbandi in the large spans. Finally, in this study, the geometry of different types of karbandi was investigated and some criteria were developed in order to identify the geometry of different types of karbandi and a new classification was presented by correcting the defects of previous classification. The most important feature of this classification is that firstly, it was developed by taking into account the teachings of Persian architecture and secondly, it is true for all historical and geographical examples.

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    APA: Copy

    Amjad Mohammadi, Amir, NEJAD EBRAHIMI, ahad, & SHAHBAZI, YASER. (2020). The Geometry of Karbandi in Persian Architecture; Response to the Challenges of “ Rasmi” and “ Akhtari” Karbandi. JOURNAL OF RESEARCHES IN ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE, 8(1 (26) ), 4-31. SID. https://sid.ir/paper/374591/en

    Vancouver: Copy

    Amjad Mohammadi Amir, NEJAD EBRAHIMI ahad, SHAHBAZI YASER. The Geometry of Karbandi in Persian Architecture; Response to the Challenges of “ Rasmi” and “ Akhtari” Karbandi. JOURNAL OF RESEARCHES IN ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE[Internet]. 2020;8(1 (26) ):4-31. Available from: https://sid.ir/paper/374591/en

    IEEE: Copy

    Amir Amjad Mohammadi, ahad NEJAD EBRAHIMI, and YASER SHAHBAZI, “The Geometry of Karbandi in Persian Architecture; Response to the Challenges of “ Rasmi” and “ Akhtari” Karbandi,” JOURNAL OF RESEARCHES IN ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE, vol. 8, no. 1 (26) , pp. 4–31, 2020, [Online]. Available: https://sid.ir/paper/374591/en

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