Multiple Functions of Karna in Religious Rituals and Mourning in Eastern Guilan

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Gharasou Maryam; ZAKER JAFARI NARGES

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Journal: Journal of Fine Arts: Performing Arts and Music Year:2020 | Volume:25 | Issue:2 Page(s): 45-57

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Title

Multiple Functions of Karna in Religious Rituals and Mourning in Eastern Guilan

Author(s)

Gharasou Maryam | ZAKER JAFARI NARGES | Issue Writer Certificate

Keywords

Guilan’Q1

s KarnaQ1

Guilan RitualsQ1

OrganologyQ1

Muharram RitualsQ1

Music of GuilanQ1

mourningQ1

Abstract

T his study aims to investigate the role of Guilan’; s Karna and its multiple functions in the rituals in the eastern region of Guilan. Guilan’; s Karna is associated with a set of mental, theological, and historical principles. In this study, using an intertextual discourse, it was attempted to analyze these actions with a new perspective. Therefore, it was attempted to identify, categorize, and analyze the multi-layered functions and concepts of this musical instrument. Guilan’; s Karna is the prime example of an object that has substituted its role as the messenger of a terrestrial event (the war) with the messenger of a sacred event (used in the religious background), and has managed to survive after a metamorphosis. In its two distinct lifetimes (from a martial instrument to a sacred one), the musical aspect of karna has always been affected by its symbolic and social functions. From an intercultural perspective, karna is not regarded as a mere wind instrument in a classified organological system, but rather, it is identified as an element that could deliver a message with semantic, verbal, and social loads. According to the findings of the present study, four general functions were identified for the karna: 1. Socio-religious function 2. Symbolic function 3: Expressive function 4. Acoustic function. In addition to the acoustic function of karna as a ‘ messenger, ’ other functions have always been associated with its presence in various rituals. As a symbol of socio-religious function, it is not a mere musical instrument, but rather, it contains theological elements, including participation in religious associations, continuation of a religious tradition, and fulfillment of people’ s vows. These aspects create an external musical identity for the karna. The next functional aspect is its expressive or ‘ speech’ function. Karna can produce only two or three tones and lacks special tone order in terms of melodic motion; however, in terms of rhythm, specific rhythmic figures are usually played by the musicians. Although for the cross-cultural audience, these rhythmic figures with high dynamics have no specific meaning except reference to a reminiscent historical realization and a sound effect, for the players of karna, each rhythmic figure is equivalent to a certain verse of a well-known poem recited during mourning ceremonies. These rhythmic figures are important and symbolic, and the players know what rhythmic figure should be played in front of each mosque or graveyard depending on the time of the certain ritual. For example, for the Tasu’ a or Ashura ceremonies, rhythmic figures that are equivalent to certain verses of a well-known poem are performed. These codes are unknown to the general audience. In addition, the symbolic functions of karna can be studied through semiotics and symbolism. Among its symbolic functions are concepts like bravery, power, majesty, and delivery of a message to immortal and heavenly places. Spatial symbols such as the direction of playing the instrument, and temporal symbols related to Muharram Rituals are also factors in the symbolic frame of the karna. These mul-tiple functions show how a musical instrument has survived while retaining its functional metaphors, and has guaranteed its survival by adapting to new performance conditions. Data were collected using field and library studies.

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APA: Copy

Gharasou, Maryam, & ZAKER JAFARI, NARGES. (2020). Multiple Functions of Karna in Religious Rituals and Mourning in Eastern Guilan. HONAR-HA-YE-NAMAYESHI-VA-MOOSIGHI (HONAR-HA-YE-ZIBA), 25(2 ), 45-57. SID. https://sid.ir/paper/385787/en

Vancouver: Copy

Gharasou Maryam, ZAKER JAFARI NARGES. Multiple Functions of Karna in Religious Rituals and Mourning in Eastern Guilan. HONAR-HA-YE-NAMAYESHI-VA-MOOSIGHI (HONAR-HA-YE-ZIBA)[Internet]. 2020;25(2 ):45-57. Available from: https://sid.ir/paper/385787/en

IEEE: Copy

Maryam Gharasou, and NARGES ZAKER JAFARI, “Multiple Functions of Karna in Religious Rituals and Mourning in Eastern Guilan,” HONAR-HA-YE-NAMAYESHI-VA-MOOSIGHI (HONAR-HA-YE-ZIBA), vol. 25, no. 2 , pp. 45–57, 2020, [Online]. Available: https://sid.ir/paper/385787/en

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