In this paper, the behavior of the salicylate anion-selective electrode was studied using the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy technique. Considering the diagram of the charge transfer resistance and -logarithm of the double layer capacitance versus -logarithm of the concentration, linear range concentration increased to 1.0×10-8-1.0×10-1 M and 1.0×10-9-1.0×10-1 M, respectively. Among the other characteristics of this study, it can be pointed out a wide pH range of 4.0-10.0. Then ‘one-impedance for one-concentration’ method was used to measure the salicylate ion at the linear range of 1.0×10-8-1.0×10-1 M. Finally, the impedance spectra of this electrode were simulated in which the obtained results of this simulation indicate proximity of experimental and simulation data.

Fuel cells due to their particular properties are on the verge of creating a vast revolutionary change in the field of electricity. By definition, fuel cell is an electrochemical apparatus that the chemical energy of fuel without fuel combustion turned into electrical energy. They are widely thought of as the environmentally friendly energy sources for the 21st century. Generally, it is common that fuel cells are classified and nominated based on the nature of used electrolyte in the fuel cell. Therefore, based on this classification, fuel cells include the following different types: alkaline fuel cells (AFC), phosphoric acid fuel cells (PAFC), polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC), molten carbonate fuel cells (MCFC) and solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC). Extensive fundamental investigations have been conducted over the past several decades on polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells. Furthermore, solid alkaline fuel cells (SAFCs) attract much attention because of their many important advantages such as the use of metal catalysts on the electrodes with reasonable price, fast oxygen reduction reaction at the cathode, anode oxidation efficiency of liquid fuels, low corrosion.Study and investigation of anion exchange membranes (AEMs) has an important role in determining the properties and performance of SAFCs. The aim of this study is to investigate the properties of AEMs for the use in SAFCs. Furthermore, effective ion exchange groups, hydroxide ion conductivity mechanism, characterization methods, membrane structures, polymer materials and stability of AEMs in alkaline media were investigated.

One hundred and forty eight bacterial strains were isolated from Anzali lagoon and Neidasht spring to determine selenooxyanions and tellurite reduction ability. Only one strain, identified and called as Bacillus sp. STG-83, was able to tolerate selenite and tellurite at high concentrations up to 640 mM and 1250 mM, respectively. The strain reduced the oxyanions. Morphological studies of Bacillus sp. STG-83, grown in presence of selenite, showed that the cells initially produced dark and condense granules at their surface and after 24 h they formed round bodies, but in the presence of tellurite the cells grew longer than their normal size. Bacillus sp. STG-83 was able to reduce 1 mM sodium selenite during 32 h but it reduced only 50% of potassium tellurite at 1 mM concentration after 104 h. Amount of elemental selenium in the precipitate was measured by Proton Induced X-ray Emission apparatus.The atmospheric gas of cultures was entrapped in gas washing bottle and then analyzed by Hydride Generation Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometery. The result showed that Bacillus sp. STG-83 was able to produce volatile compounds of selenium and tellurium.

Soil dispersion is a phenomenon where soil particles float when they are exposed to water and are carried away by the force of seepage. Various laboratory methods, including double hydrometer, Emerson, and pinhole tests and the Sherard chemical method have been used to evaluate soil dispersion potential. Despite the fact that soil dispersion is caused by its chemical composition, the results obtained from the chemical methods, especially from the Sherard method, do not match the results of the pinhole test. In this study, the role of existing anions in the dispersion potential of clayey soils was studied. Natural soil samples were collected from different regions of Iran and artificial soil samples were created by adding different percentages of sodium chloride, sodium carbonate, sodium sulfate, and sodium polyphosphate to a nondispersive soil. The physical, chemical, and index properties of all samples were determined and the Sherard method and pinhole test were employed to determine the dispersion potential. The results obtained from the tests showed that soil dispersion, which is a physico-chemical phenomenon, was caused by a combination of existing anions and cations in the soil, both in type and quantity. It was also found that the Sherard chemical method did not determine soil dispersion correctly since the role of some anions, especially chloride, was neglected. Among the existing anions in the soil, chloride, as opposed to sodium, acted as a flocculating factor.

World population growth is reaching the point where available fresh water is insufficient for basic needs of mankind. The municipal wastewater account common revival the sources for amends water deficit, since long for irrigation had used in agriculture section. For purpose of assessment of municipal wastewater of Khorasgan University (KHUW) on soil quality, four treatments in three replications were designed at 2007. The treatments were included furrow irrigation with normal water (check), furrow irrigation with KHUW (FW), surface drip irrigation with KHUW (DI), subsurface drip irrigation with KHUW (SDI). The soil samples were collected from 0-15, 15-30, 30-45 and 45-60 cm in two stages (beginning and end of research period). In this research, some parameters of soil quality were estimated. The (EC, pH, OM, Cl-, SO2-4) parameters were measured. The results show that the wastewater increases salinity soil but there is significant difference between DI and SDI only at surface (0-15cm). Also, using wastewater does not affect soil PH. Wastewater leads to increase of OM% soil at surface (0-15 cm) with significant different between DI, SDI and FW. SO2-4 show significant difference between DI with SDI, FW at 0-15 cm of depth and there was same condition for Cl- on (0-15 cm) depth. The results indicate that wastewater reuse causes to increase EC, OM, SO2-4, Cl-. In conclusion, it was found that better condition based on EC and other salt solution in comparison with other treatments.

Potential energy surface was calculated for the ground electronic state of the triatomic ion ClO2− using the coupled-cluster method CCSD(T). Calculations were carried out for 1200 points on the potential energy surface, and the calculated points were fitted to the potential energy expression in terms of the internal coordinates, from which the quadratic, cubic and quartic force fields were determined. Using the second-order rovibrational perturbation theory, harmonic vibrational frequencies, anharmonicity constants and several other spectroscopic parameters were calculated, and accurate fundamental vibrational frequencies were obtained. Also, the energies of 30 lowest vibrational levels were calculated using the anharmonicity constants.