Arab conquest of Iran had conspicuous effects on Iranian identity and in some cases changed it radically. As a matter of fact, following this event some constitutive elements of Iranian identity such as "homeland/geography", "Persian state", and even more important one, i.e. "religion" -a crucial element of ancient Persian identity- suffered fundamental changes. Iranian confrontation with this identity crisis crystallized in different forms which might classify to three general categories: pro-Iranians, pro-Islamic Iranians, and Islamic-Iranians. In this paper we will enumerate the "pro-Islamic" group’s main characteristics and then, we will give an analytical survey of Abu Rayhan’s ideas about "identity" and will examine his "Islamic identity" according to his works.

Biruni is a renowned Iranian scholar in the fourth and fifth centuries hegira. Emphasizing two major works: Altahqiq Malal-Hend and Alasat al-Baqiah, the present writer conducts a methodological study of his works and delves into issues such as history, philosophy of history, nature, and history as the origins of knowledge and its connection with religion and revelation as well as the connection between knowledges and values.

Al-Bīrūnī was a prominent scientist of the eleventh century with a specific approach to natural philosophy. Unlike his other contemporary scientists and natural philosophers focusing on the a priori arguments, and demonstration through the cause, Al-Bīrūnī disliked such an approach. He had a critical view of this approach and tried to counter it, although it was not mainstream. In this paper, we will investigate some of his arguments through which his a posteriori approach will be reflected. Al-Bīrūnī was a prominent scientist of the eleventh century with a specific approach to natural philosophy. Unlike his other contemporary scientists and natural philosophers focusing on the a priori arguments, and demonstration through the cause, Al-Bīrūnī disliked such an approach. He had a critical view of this approach and tried to counter it, although it was not mainstream. In this paper, we will investigate some of his arguments through which his a posteriori approach will be reflected. Al-Bīrūnī was a prominent scientist of the eleventh century with a specific approach to natural philosophy. Unlike his other contemporary scientists and natural philosophers focusing on the a priori arguments, and demonstration through the cause, Al-Bīrūnī disliked such an approach. He had a critical view of this approach and tried to counter it, although it was not mainstream. In this paper, we will investigate some of his arguments through which his a posteriori approach will be reflected. Al-Bīrūnī was a prominent scientist of the eleventh century with a specific approach to natural philosophy. Unlike his other contemporary scientists and natural philosophers focusing on the a priori arguments, and demonstration through the cause, Al-Bīrūnī disliked such an approach. He had a critical view of this approach and tried to counter it, although it was not mainstream. In this paper, we will investigate some of his arguments through which his a posteriori approach will be reflected.

Abū al-Rayḥ ā n al-Bī rū nī , the great Iranian Scientist, has writed many books in various sciences that unfortunately only afew number of his works has remainded. His remainded books has proven his authority in all contemporary sciences. according to this, Famous poets and writers in persian literature, must reflect much various aspects of his scientific personality. This article in analytical-descriptive method on the bases of library References, has Provided data about the manner of reflection of al-Bī rū nī ’ s features in the most famous works of persian literature, including poem and Prose, especially in the fourth and fifth centuries and then with analytical attitude has evaluated data. The results has shown limited and one-dimentional reflection of this great character or literary history reticence about him which is analyzed Compared to presence of another Scientific characters specificly Greek masters.

Abureyhan-e-Biruni was a scholar, mathematician, astronomer, and was aware of historic and social issues of his time. He was born in Biroon of Kharazm in the mid Fourth Century AH. In spite of his engagement in the politics of Kharazm Shah’ s court and his mandate as an astronomer to Sultan Mahmood’ s court, he did not forego his critical way of thinking about social and philosophical issues. The publication of a number of philosophical and social treaties is a testament to his inclination towards such thinking, and also attests to his congenital excogitation. On the one hand, research on his life and works can shed light upon the critical genius which Biruni expressed through his reliance upon his individualized renditions of moral dictums. On the other hand, many scholars believe that one needs to keep Biruni’ s biography out of academic and scholarly discussions, and should only concentrate on his works. In A Critical Study of What India Says, Whether Accepted by Reason or Refused, Biruni represented himself as a disinterested free thinker and transnationalist1. There is no doubt that the Holy Quran and Islamic beliefs have played a key part in developing these characteristics in Biruni. Through reviewing A Critical Study of What India Says, Whether Accepted by Reason or Refused, The present study identifies the textual evidence of freethinking and transnationalist affinities in Biruni’ s critical view points.

From the main features of the tradition of Islamic historiography is variety of its forms, types, methods, topics and schools. However, today, Islamic historiography is known by its mere narrative methods and schools, which are only part of this widespread tradition. In other words, the narrative aspect of Islamic historiography have overshadowed its other aspects. Therefore, researchers in this field also emphasize on the same aspect in describing Islamic historiography, but this article emphasizes that in Islamic historiography, there are other methods and schools in addition to the narrative method. On this basis, in this article we are looking for empirical horizons in Islamic historiography, with an emphasis on historiography of Abū Rayḥ ā n Al-Birunī . This article seeks to answer the question: “ Are there empirical and observational trends and methods in Islamic historiography tradition? ” The main research hypothesis is that by studying and analyzing the tradition of Islamic historiography, one can find empirical horizons (i. e. approaches based on observation, examination and historical criticism) in the works of some of the greatest Muslim historians. One of the most prominent of these historians is the Abū Rayḥ ā n Al-Birunī

Abu Reihan Mohammad ibn Ahmad Birooni is one of the great scientists, Mathematicians, astronomers, historians and who is called by the 4th and 5th century researchers scholars of the fourth and fifth centuries whom the researchers call one of the greatest eastern scholars. He was born in Kharazm in 362 (A.H.) and died in Qazneh at the beginning of the revolution of Salageqeh and the reign of Masoud ibn Mahmood Qaznavi. The works of this great scientist were in Arabic language that was the scientific language of Islam and Iran. The only book that he compiled in persian was At - Tafhim reign which himself translated from Arabic into persian or vice versa. The fifth and sixth centuries (A.H.) are the most important eras for literature. The Persian prose in these two centuries has the style of absolulely different kind. One style was of simple kind of fourth century prose. The prose styles of these two are of quite different. The styles of prose in these two centuries are different.

In recent centuries, the methodological problems of historiography absorbed a considerable degree of scholarly attention in academic circle. Modern historiography and its methodological principals could be considered as crucial to modern developments in humanities and so, is worth of a thorough examination. The present paper beginning with a concise introduction of modern historiography purported to further a brief survey of Biruni’s historiography in comparison to modern historiography. Most of previous studies on this Iranian scientist draw a picture of him as a prominent figure in natural sciences, either astrology, mathematics, or medicine. From a rather anthropological point of view, many scholars accentuate his invaluable anthropologic data about India. But in rare cases, his historical works and the method he pursued has been received a scholarly attention well enough to give a good evaluation of his method and style in history writing. To fill this gap the present author, thinking of a distinct and a pioneer role in historiography for Biruni, aims to give a more precise depiction of his status in this field.