This study was designed in Karaj to investigate optimal allocation of outputs determine their effects on yield, to calculate the value marginal and average product, to determine elasticity of production of inputs and economic assessment of wheat farmers. After selection of villages, the requierd date werre obtained from 102 farmers from 11 villages who were selected by simple random sampling method. In this study, farmers were separated into two groups: 1) Those who used modern cultivars (Mahdavi and Almout), and 2) those who used old varieties (Ghods and Falat). The results indicated that: 1) for group (a), gross income and yield (per ha) were 16.7 percent higher than those of group (b), 2) for group (a), the production cost was 14.3 percent lower than group (b), 3) the farmers income had inceased considerably by using moder cultivars, 4) the effect of cultivar in yield was 20 percent, and 5) area planted, water, labour, phosphate fertlizer and chemicals were used on optimum but seed and urea were used higher than optimum level hy farmers.

Culture distinguishes human beings from animals. People's cultural and not social awareness is regarded humane. Animals have some groupings. Even some forms of collective life are found among them. Specific cultural relations, that form symbols among human beings, and what constitute their everyday life distinguish (and separate) them from animals. Every culture has its own intellectual expressions. Regarding all these, individuals adopt the customs and beliefs of their society. This cultural choice leads people in a society to develop some uniform social peculiarities. In this article, we have tried to present a profile of these cultural peculiarities in marriage, death and mourning among Maraquians.

In order to investigate pathogenic variation in population of the causal agent of yellow rust, and evaluate resistance of wheat cultivars and advanced lines released before and after 1992, the year of epidemic of yellow rust in Iran, known genotypes for resistance to yellow rust, including yellow rust differential cultivars, yellow rust near isogenic lines, some sources for adult-plant resistance genes, and genotypes carrying factors for durable resistance, were evaluated in Northern, Northeast and West provinces of Iran. According to the results obtained, virulence factors for Yr1 were present in Neishabour, Torogh, and Jolgehh Rokh in Khorasan province (Northeast); for Yr2 in Neishabour, Torogh, and Jolgeh Rokh (Northeast), Kalaleh and Gharakhill (North); Ultan, Jafarabad, and Alagrogh (Northwest); for Yr3 in Neishabour; for/Yr6, Yr7, and Yr9 in all regions; for Yr8 in Jolgeh Rokh, Kalaleh, Ultan, Jafarabad, and Alarogh; for Yrll in Torogh and Gorgan; for Yr12 in Torogh, Gorgan, and Ultan; for Yr18 in all regions except Agh Ghala and Torogh; for Yr22, Yr23, Yr25, and YrA in all regions; for YrSu in Lalaleh, lafarabad, and Alarogh; for undesignated resistance genes present in Nugains cultivar (YrA1 and YrA2) in Neishabour, Torogh, Jolgeh Rokh, Gorgan, Jafarabad, and Alarogh; for Yr27 (YrSK) in Torogh. For genes Yr4, Yr5, Yr10, Yr14, Yr15, Yr24, YrSD, YrCV, and YrSP virulence factors were not observed so far, thus these genes are recommended as effective genes, which can be used as resistance sources for use in breeding programs. All Iranian old wheat varieties, which had been released before 1992, were highly susceptible in all nurseries and among newly released varieties, Tajan was susceptible in Torogh; Mahdavi in Neishabour; Alamout and Zarrin in Torogh; Alvand in Neishabour; Chamran in Neishabour and Jolgeh Rokh. Wheat advanced lines C-73-5 and 8-75-20 were susceptible in Alarogh, M-75-10 in Jolgeh Rokh, M-75-19 in Kalaleh, and N-75-5 in Torogh.