today, narcotics production and trade with a 3000 billion dollars capital turnover has become a geopolitical arena and thus can be referred as narcotics’ geopolitics. In this arena we face players in three local, regional and global levels. At the lowest level, i.e the local level, there are Afghanistan’s farmers who make the lowest profit from this illegal business despite the fact that they make great effort.At the second level, the smugglers are placed who transfer narcotics from Afghanistan to the regional markets and make different profits related to their activities. Finally, at the highest level, there are international mafia and drug cartels which are engaged in this dirty businesses at global level and while making the biggest profit, they are generally freet from prosecution and legal punishment. On the other hand, the production and smuggling of narcotics in Afghanistan has harmful consequences for its neighboring countries, particularly to the Islamic Republic of Iran. The findings of this study show that Iran’s neighborhood with Afghanistan, also, its location at the main route of drug smuggling threaten the security of Iran’s western borders in particular and Iran’s national security in terms of political, security, social and cultural, in general seriously. Drug and goods smuggling, illegal border crossings, human trafficking, increase in border conflicts and insecurity, increase in murder and felony, holding people for ransom in boundary regions, and etc. are some of these threats. This paper reviews the consequences of narcotics production and smuggling for Iran’s eastern boundary regions’ security; using a descriptive-analytical method while explaining the narcotics geopolitics in Afghanistan.

In the age of capitalistic production, capital plays a vital role in the economic life. Considering the concept of capital, the concept of interest stands out. The purpose of this paper is to make a crirical survey of the image of interest in the view of Muslem scholars. The problem of interest is the descriptive and theoretical analysis of the income obtained from capitaL The main question, posed in this respect, is what Muslem thinkers do contribute to the scientific exposition of the essence of this income. To realize such a contribution, we have compared the Muslem thinkers attitudes towards interest with the prevailing explanations in the capitalistic literature. The conclusion would be that The concept of interest in the view of Muslem Thinkers is no more than the contractual interest fixed in loan contracts. The contractual interest in loans is regarded as the obvious exercise of Riba; which is strongly prohibited in Islam. This attitude is so dominated that the bulk of Islamic writings has targeted money, rather than capital, as the fundamental concept related to the problem of interest. However, to solve tne problem of interest, a new paradigm would be trying to alter the conceptualization of money by an alternative theory of capital which substitutes natrual interest for contract interest. If so; it would be found out that there is no difference between interest and profit in essence. In economic world, profit can not come into existence if the ex ante natural rate of interest is omitted. Nevertheless, with resort to the concept of natural rate of interest, the economic raison d"etre of all kinds of contract interests can be explained and many controversies regarding the fundamental concept of interest, which are held between Islamic ideals and conventional practices, can be settled down.

Using the currency substitution theory, this paper attempts to identify the determinants of currency substitution degree in Iran. The hypotheses of this paper are: 1-In Iranian economy the trend of currency substitution has been ascending. 2-There is a direct relationship between the degree of currency substitution and domestic inflation rate of the country (CPI). 3-The degree of currency substitution has an indirect relationship with the foreign exchange rate in the parallel market. 4- The degree of currency substitution in Iran has a direct relationship with GDP. The results reveal that the first and second hypotheses were verified and the third and fourth ones assumed not to be valid. Despite the reduction in the volume of dollar in some years, the trend of currency substitution has been increasing.

Currency substitution refers to a situation where a nation citizens prefer to hold foreign currency, instead of domestic currency, in their asset portfolio. There are many reasons for the occurrence of currency substitutions. The major reasons are: persistent national currency depreciation, the continuation of high inflation, economic instability, a negative real interest rate capital flight due to legal and illegal migrations, and rise in the goods smuggling activities. This phenomenon is seen in both developed and developing countries. In developed countries currency substitution occurs asymmetrically and bilaterally. However, in developing countries currency substitution exists unilaterally reducing the effects of monetary policies. This paper compares the degree of Iran's currency substitution with degree of currency substitution in other 26 countries. The findings show that among 27 countries under investigation scoring 83.5 percent of substitution Bolivia ranks top. Iran with 38.4 percent ranks 12th among 27 nations. And Angola with 6.3 percent ranks 27th in the degree of currency substitution. In order to prevent a expansion of this phenomenon following measure are proposed:1-inflation controlling policy should be give priority 2- more appropriate investment opportunities should be created to mobilize the surplus money (savings) to be invested in economy's profitable sectors instead of being converted into dollar and other foreign currencies 3- to a possible extent exchange rate volatilities should be minimized to reduce the incentives for substituting domestic currency with a foreign currency. 4- Certain measures should be adopted to help official interest rate in the banking system exceed the inflation rate.