Wetlands are a critical part of our natural environment and they can reduce the impacts of floods, absorb pollutants and improve water quality. This survey was conducted at 7 stations in three international wetlands Alagol, Almagol and Ajigol wetlands between February 2017 and November 2018. Results showed that water quality characteristics are somewhat in good conditions but amount of phosphates, was more than standard in summer at Alagol and in Autumn and winter at Ajigol. In this study, 57 different species (25 Bacillariophta, 12 Chlorophta, 9 Cyanobacteria, 5 Pyrophyta, 3 Euglenophyta and 2 Xanthophyta and Carophyta) were identified. Bacillariophyta was dominant in all seasons, however Cyanophyta in Alagol and Ajigol wetlands and Pyrophyta in Ajigol were dominant in summer. In the study of water quality index (WQI), it was observed thatexcept in summer and autumn in Ajigol wetland in other seasons of the studied wetlands were in good quality. It seems that the Atrak river as the main source of water supply for these wetlands, is the place where high amounts of agricultural and rural effluents are received, which practically enter these wetlands, appropriate management and corrective measures should be taken.

Wheat yellow rust (Puccinia striiformis) is one of the most important fungal diseases of wheat in Iran. Identification of resistance genes and their mode of action is important in utilization of resistance sources and the breeding strategy adopted in a breeding program. In this study, four resistant parents and one susceptible cultivar were used in a diallel fashion excluding reciprocals. Parents and the Fl progenies were inoculated at seedling stage (First leaf) with pathotype 230E245A+ of Puccinia striiformis. Latent period, defined as days from inoculation to first pustule appearance was daily recorded from the first appearance of pustules up to 25 days after inoculation. Entries without pustule formations were given a score of 25. Results of inheritance studies using Hayman and Griffing methods indicated that addative components and complete dominance played major roles in conditioning latent period in these ten crosses. Broad-sense and narrow-sense heritability estimates for latent period were 0.99 and 0.88, respectively. The results suggested that considerable progress may be expected for latent period in a breeding program.

The goal of study was to recognize species and distribution of peryphytons in the Anzali lagoon. Peryphytons are ecologically placed as a ring in biological chain between planktons and benthosis. They play an important filtering role in aquatic ecosystem. Fish fry of sturgeons, kutum (Rutilus frisii kutum), and many other species feed on them. The study was carried out at eleven station, in different places of Anzali Lagoon from June to January in 1996. 176 plant and 17 animal species were recognized. Plant species were consisted of 4 phylum; Chrysophyta (69 species), Chlorophyta (52 species), Cyanophyta (48 species) and Rhodophyta (7 species). Animal species of 8 phylum, Annelida (3 species), Arthropoda (4 species), Briozoa (3 species), Coelenterata (1 species), Mollusca (2 species), Protozoa (2 species), Kamptozoa (1 species) and Nematoda (1 species) were also recongnized. Replacement of animal and plant species was observed in all stations except station 4 (the nearest place to the sea) where animal species were dominant. Study on marine factors showed that Dreissena polymorpha was more dominant and had a high biomass. To continuation of montly sampling, making dynamic data bank and formation of periphyton collonies, we can get more precies and more comprehensive informations on dispersion, combination and growth speed of this group of creatures in Anzali lagoon.

In some rural areas in Kermanshah and Kurdistan provinces in western part of Iran, vegetation covers, in and around commentaries, are left intact. A plant ecology survey was carried out in seventeen of such sacred groves. Density, cover and dominance for each tree species was determined and the ecological values were calculated using Curtis method (1976). Results obtained from this study indicate that various aspects of vegetation structure such as species composition, growth form and canopy stratification are under strong influence of the long term conservation and other factors such as edge effect and chance extinction relating to grove size. These results, compared with similar information available on natural oak forests in the Zagros Region in Kemanshah province, indicate that sacred groves are more abundant, less diverse, have lost some of their life forms such as bushes and grass communities, have less complex cover strata and suffer from an unbalanced and aged age structure. These study shows that despite people efforts these natural – cultural heritage have no secure future and may be damaged by the same factors that destroyed oak forest in Zagros Region. Soil erosion, trampling, overgrazing and limitations by grove size on plant reproduction are imposing sever barriers to community regeneration in some of the sacred groves.