Background and Purpose: Considering the role of rodents ectoparasites in transmission of different diseases such as, plaque, relapsing fever, typhus mureium, etc. A study was done in different areas of mazandaran province in order to identify rodents ectoparasites.Materials and methods: This was a descriptive study done on the rodents hunted from different areas of Sari, Behshar, Gaemshahr, Amol, Mahmoud abad, Noor, Ramsar, Tonekabon and Suburban regions of the above mentioned cities up to the distance of 5 kilometers. The rodents were hunted by trap installed randomly in different areas. The hunted rodents were transferred to laboratory, anaesthetised and the morphological characteristics were recorded, kept on water container then the body surface was brushed, in this way the parasites came up to the water surface. The surface water was collected and kept in 70% alcohol, then mounted for identification of parasites. Also all the data concerning the rodent and parasite were recorded in questionnaire and analyzed statistically.Results: In this study, 371 rodents belonging to 7 species were hunted as follow: Rattus rattus 148 (40%), Rattus norvegicus 87 (23%), Mus musculus 40 (11%), Glis glis 25 (7%), Apodemus sylvaticus 7 (2%) Nesokia indica 43 (12%), Arvicola terrestis 19 (5%). The isolated ectoparasites were as follow: Hoplopleuridae, Echinolaelaps echidninus, opiliacaridae, Rhipicephalus, N. faciatus and Ixodidae, of which the most frequent rate of isolation belonged to Hoplopleuridae and the less frequent rate belonged to Ixodidae.Conclusion: The results of this study reveal that the rate of contamination with ectoparasites in the hunted rodents was 40%. Contamination was observed in the species of Rattus rattus, Nesokia indica, Rattus norvegicus, and Arvicola terrestris and all the isolated ectoparasites are important from medical and veterinary point of view.

Some biological characteristics in common kilka (Clupeonella delicatula), including its maturity stages (macroscopic and microscopic), fork length, weight, ovary weight and the oocyte diameter were investigated. For this purpose, 557 common kilka were sampled totally in Babolsar commercial fishing region from April to August 2000.The research indicated that common kilka cached by conic net & light in Babolsar region had four maturity stages. Microscopic study of ovary for determination of maturity stage verified by macroscopic recognize, therefore practically without histological sections, ovary stages confidently could be determined. Absence of positive reaction to light in 5th and 6th stages could be deducted considering the results of this study. The ratio of maturity stages of I to VI, was %2.28, %74.9, %18.46 and %4.36 respectively. The averages of fork length were 69.82,83.56,88.38 and 88.43 mm and the weight averages were 2.2, 4.18, 4.77 & 5.06 respectively for maturity stages of I, n, IW and IV. The significant differences for length and weight were found between I, II, III st. (p<0.05).

This study is aimed at finding ecological similarities between plant communities in the Mahmoodabad river basin, 5 km north of Shahindezh city, located between 36o42´ to 36o51´ north latitude and 46o30´ to 36o49´ east longitude, with an area of 26,826.95 hectares. The plant communities of the region were classified based on the floristic-physionomic method and their similiarities were determined according to polar ordination (Berry and Curtis) and using Sorenson index. Physicochemical characteristics of the soil were also studies with respect to each plant community. In the course of floristic studies, 408 plant species belonging to 245 classes and 59 plant families were collected and identified. The research also identified 18 plant communities in this area. It was concluded that altitude, soil texture and biological factors were the most important factors determining change in vegetation communities.

Haraz River (181 Kmlong) flowing a long distance, passes through the city of Amol and flows towards the sea in an area named Sorkhrood. The watershed basin of this river is 8513.6 Km, which is located in such cities as Amol, Babol, Mahmood-Abad, Fereydoon-Kenar, and Noor and considered as part of the agricultural lands of Mazandaran Province.To study the pollutants of Haraz River, three hydrometric stations called Panjab, Karesang and Sorkhrood were chosen. After determining the area under study, some samples were obtained in different seasons in 1382. Then, the graph of the results was drawn by Excel software and compared with potable water standards. By studying the indicators of the river's water quality in the years 1380-1382 and 1359-1375 and comparing them with acceptable standards, maximum permitted limits for drinking water, and the pollution concentration of drinking water, it became clear that that the quantity of DO, BOD, COD, NH3, EC, Turbidity, Color and number of Coliforms were more than the standard limits, which might be caused by environmental changes and by the wastewater flowing into the river. An increase in rainfall in autumn leads to an increase in the quantity of BOO, EC, ms, TSS, NO3, and P04. It is to be mentioned that the type of vegetation can also play a role. In the upstream where the coniferous trees are not very thick, with an increase in the rainfall, the quantity of TDS in the downstream increases. Comparing the pollution indicators of the years 80-82 with those of 59-75, it was seen that the amount of DO during the years 59-75 was in an acceptable range, but during the years 80-82 and due to the wastewater flow into the river, the amount of DO has decreased about 0.6 times. COD and BOD were found to be beyond the permitted range in 1359-1375. COD was 0.8 times lower during the years 80-82 than the years 59-75 and BOO was 1.06 times more during the years 80-82 than the years 59-75. Ammonia in the years 59-75 has also been more than the permitted limits, which shows contamination by domestic wastewater. The amount of EC was 1.3 times lower during the years 59-75 than the years 80-82, which can be due to the industrial wastewater flow into the river. The amounts of Turbidity, Barium and Color during the years 80-82 have been higher than the permitted limits for potable water. Meanwhile, the amount of TDS is lower than the desired limit despite the fact that it has increased by 1.05 times compared with the years 59-75. Moreover, with regard to the number of Coliforms in the years 80-82, the river's water was classified as suspected. At the end, it should be mentioned that we need to prevent the flow of agricultural and urban wastewater into the river in order to have an optimal management for Haraz River.

In order to study the phenology of weeds in the wheat fields and determining suitable indices for predicting phenology events and using the results for improvement chemical control, a trial was conducted in 2006-2007 growting season at Zanjan, Karaj, Varamin and Mahmoud Abad (Mazandaran). The seeds of weeds (Broadleaved and grasses) were gathered in previous season. For satisfied emergence, the weed seeds were treated for breaking dormancy 24 hr before planting. Phenological events of wheat and weeds were recorded during growth season. Thermal time based on growing degree days (GDD) was calculated for each growth stage. Phenological and thermal time results of wheat and weeds compare with the optimum time application of recommended herbicide for weed control of weeds. Integrated results showed that GDD was a suitable index for determining and predicting of wheat and weeds growth stages. Also GDD could use for precision time of application of herbicides and could recommend that 400 GDD and 1200 GDD were minimum and maximum of herbicide application in wheat fields, respectively. Irrigation of field before planting and tillage applicable for control of the weed seeds without dormancy.

Due to limitation of water resources, the use of wastewater for agriculture and landscape is unavoidable. The wastewater is a new water source and its application requires special management. If wastewater is applied with suitable irrigation methods, it helps to solve the environmental contaminations, sanitary and water scarcity problems. The effects of wastewater on some visual and chemical properties of bermudagrass were investigated in 2005 at Mahmoudabad Research Centre located at Isfahan. The experiment was a factorial completely randomized design with two main treatments (surface and subsurface irrigation methods) and two sub-treatments (groundwater and wastewater) using three replications for each treatment. The results showed that wastewater application had no significant effect on the colour, density and nitrogen uptake of bermudagrass. The height and dry matter yield of bermudagrass irrigated with wastewater were significantly greater than those irrigated with groundwater. Phosphorous uptake of bermudagrass irrigated with wastewater (1268.85 mg/kg) was greater than that of groundwater (809.97 mg/kg). Phosphorous uptake of bermudagrass irrigated with wastewater (12448 mg/kg) was also greater than that of groundwater (11820 mg/kg). The irrigation method had no significant effect on colour, density, height and dry matter yield of bermudagrass and nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium uptake of bermudagrass.

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between adult attachment styles and organizational citizenship behaviors among employees of an industrial factory in Isfahan province. In this study adult attachment styles were predictive variables and organizational citizenship behaviors and it’s dimensions were criterion variables. In this study, 183 employees of an industrial factory in Isfahan province were selected via simple random sampling. Subjects were to complete Adult Attachment Inventory (AAI), and Extra-Role Behaviors Inventory (ERBI). Correlation and stepwise regression analyses were used to analyze the data of this study. The results showed that participant with secure attachment styles have exhibited much more organizational citizenship behaviors than participant with avoidant and ambivalent attachment styles. In addition, the results also showed that predictive variables have meaningful contribution in prediction of the criterion variables. The results also showed that adult attachment style is able to predict organizational citizenship behaviors in a powerful manner.