این مطالعه با هدف تدوین مدل توسعه ورزش سالمندی ایران انجام گرفته است. از منظر هدف، از نوع کاربردی که روش انجام آن کیفی بود. مشارکت کنندگان در پژوهش حاضر شامل متخصصان و صاحب نظران ورزش سالمندی بودند. ابزار جمع آوری داده ها مصاحبۀ نیمه ساختاریافته بود. افراد نمونه به صورت هدفمند جهت مصاحبه نیمه ساختاریافته انتخاب شدند. تحلیل داده ها همزمان با جمع آوری اطلاعات براساس روش کیفی استراس و کوربین تحلیل شدند. نتایج پژوهش نشان داد که تعداد 179 مفهوم اولیه را استخراج نمود و سپس، با بررسی و بازنگری و تجمیع داده ها تعداد 63 کد و در مرحلۀ کدگذاری محوری، تعداد11مقوله به دست آمدند، که شامل مقوله علی(رویکرداجتماعی و رویکرد سلامت محور)، پدیده محوری(مدیریت ورزش سالمندان)، راهبردها(راهبرد مدیریت برنامه، فرهنگ سازی و کرامت سالمندان)، شرایط مداخله گر(چالش های فرهنگی و موانع ساختاری)، زمینه ایی(زمینه یابی وارائه تسهیلات)، و پیامدها (بهبود سلامتی و توسعه اجتماعی) می باشند. با نتایج به دست آمده در این پژوهش می توان گفت دولت ها با تدوین و اجرای برنامه ها و همچنین قوانینی جهت حمایت در بعدهای مالی، فرهنگی و اجتماعی از سالمندان و آگاهی، و آموزش دادن به افراد سالمند و خانواده های آنان در جهت مفید بود ورزش و خطرات بی تحرکی در این دوران و احادث زیرساخت های مناسب و مرتبط با این افراد، و با توجه داشتن به اصول و اقدامات زیربنایی و ساختاری می توان از چالش ها و مسائل و مشکلات مربوط این دوران جلوگیری کرده و مدیریت و توسعه ورزش سالمندان را به درستی انجام داده و الگوی موفق برای دیگر کشورها در زمینه ورزش سالمندی باشیم.

Background and objectives: The Moroccan locust (Dociostaurus maroccanus) presents a substantial threat to the rangelands of Golestan province, demanding immediate attention from responsible organizations. Although the scientific literature lacks a precise definition of infestation levels, the density of locusts per unit area remains the primary metric used to assess the severity of infestation. The destructive impact of Moroccan locust infestations on agriculture, livestock, and the environment emphasizes the urgent necessity for a comprehensive understanding of the factors influencing the intensity and spatial distribution of locust outbreaks in Golestan province.Methodology: In response to this knowledge gap, a comprehensive study was conducted in 2020-2022 to assess the extent of Moroccan locust infestation in the northern rangelands of Golestan province. The study utilized a multifaceted approach, combining field sampling with in-depth interviews involving 200 experts and local individuals actively engaged in combating locusts over different years. This approach aimed to outline the infested areas, quantify the density of locusts per unit area, and assess the frequency of locust presence over varying timeframes. The field sampling involved systematic surveys of locust populations in various rangeland habitats, while the interviews provided valuable insights into the historical patterns of locust infestation and the effectiveness of control measures employed by local communities and authorities.Results: The collected data were used to construct a spectrograph illustrating the intensity of locust invasions, incorporating variables such as density, frequency, and spatial distribution of locust outbreaks across different infestation periods. The resulting spectrograph facilitated an in-depth analysis of the periodicity and geographical expansion of locust intensity throughout the province. The comprehensive nature of the study allowed for a holistic understanding of the complex interactions between environmental factors, locust population dynamics, and human interventions in shaping the patterns of locust infestation in Golestan province. Based on this spectrograph, five distinct frequency periods of locust infestation intensity were identified, and corresponding maps depicting infestation intensity for each period were generated for the studied areas. The spatially explicit maps provided valuable insights into the hotspots of locust activity and the temporal dynamics of infestation intensity, enabling a more targeted and proactive approach to locust control and management.Conclusion: The study's findings emphasize the potential of analyzing these spectrographs to unravel the underlying causes of fluctuations in locust outbreak intensity over time and location. Such insights hold considerable promise for informing the management and control of locust populations. The integration of field data with expert knowledge and community perspectives has enriched our understanding of the multifaceted nature of locust infestation dynamics, providing a solid foundation for the development of evidence-based strategies to mitigate the impact of Moroccan locust outbreaks on the rangelands of Golestan province.

Environmental management, as a broad and dynamic system, should consider preventive approaches to face environmental pollution and destruction. On the other hand, in order to an effectively integratation of protection and development in coastal areas, various approaches have been proposed such as regional environmental planning and integrated coastal zone management (ICZM). ICZM should ensure the existence of balance in the use of coastal areas. So, in this study, which is a part of the environmental management program of the coastal area of Sistan and Baluchestan province, in the precision plan of ICZM, development conditions were formulated in the protection classes of the coastal area of this province. According to the essence of the subject, descriptive-inductive method was selected based on referring to existing documents related to environmental protection The development conditions were formulated for the protection zones of coastal area, shore area, coastal waters and offshore area, and by assigning a special code to each of the conditions, spatial mapping of the assigned codes was carried out in ArcGIS software. The results showed, the areas in the class 1 of protection, need ecological protection due to their ecological importance and environmental sensitivities, and development in them is conditional and with the approval of the Department of Environment. Areas in class 2, are not declared non-developable. These areas are developable by observing engineering considerations and technical and management solutions, within the framework of ecological capability. Areas in class 3, which have been set as restoration and rehabilitation, can be developed in the case of preparing a restoration and rehabilitation plan and within the framework of ecological capability. The results of this study will contribute to the balanced and consistency development in the coastal areas of the Oman Sea to create sustainable value added. Also, the results of this study can be used in the preparation three-zone thematic programs of the coastal zone (coastal area, shore area, coastal waters and offshore area).

The rhetorical use of narratives is important in order to understand quantitative information. However, when there are agency motives, the rhetoric may mislead the reader and thereby be used strategically rather than informative. Writing management or tone management of writing in qualitative texts is choosing the tone of writing as incommensurate with concurrent quantitative information. Similar to the earnings management, tone management may be opportunistically used in order to manipulate user's perceptions of firm fundamentals. In addition to make numbers acceptable, writing management can affect user’ s perceptions by transferring a positive signal. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between writing tone and financial performance as well as experimental test of opportunistic use of writing management and earnings management simultaneously, using data from some firms listed in Tehran Stock Exchange for the period 2008 to 2015. Correlation, multiple linear regression and logistic regression analysis are used to test the hypotheses. The findings show a significant positive relation between writing tone in the report of the Board on the firm's activities and the financial performance. Besides, the results show a positive relation between writing management and earnings management and it is expected that firms use writing management and earnings management simultaneously.