چکیده: سازمان همکاری شانگهای نمادی از زنجیره همگرایی منطقه‌ای در آسیا به شمار می‌رود که به‌واسطه موقعیت اقتصادی و یا اجتماعی کشورهای عضو و همچنین پوشش جغرافیایی این گروه در سطح جهان قابل توجه است. از سویی تفاوت‌های عدیده در زیرساخت‌های اقتصادی کشورهای عضو و سطح درآمدی آن‌ها، بررسی شاخص تاب‌آوری در گروه شانگهای بسیار حائز اهمیت است. در واقع شاخص تاب‌آوری به دنبال ارزیابی قابلیت سازگاری اقتصادی یک کشور و یا گروهی از کشورها در مقابل شوک‌های ایجادشده و نهایتاً پتانسیل بازگشت به سطح تعادلی مطلوب است، لذا بررسی سطح تاب‌آوری در گروه شانگهای می‌تواند دورنما و آینده این سازمان را با وضوح بیشتری نشان دهد. در این پژوهش از روش اقتصادسنجی پانل فضایی در دوره زمانی 2020-2014 استفاده شده است. لذا دو معادله بررسی و مدل SAR با روش اثرات تصادفی پذیرفته شده است و نتایج نشان می‌دهد که متغیرهای حجم تجارت و نوآوری بر شاخص تاب‌آوری، تأثیر مثبت و معناداری دارند.

Natural resource projects are planned and implemented to improve environmental and social conditions of socio-ecological systems. The purpose of this study is to determine and identify effects of implementing natural resource projects on socioeconomic issues of rural, as well as to obtain relevant views and opinions of the villagers. The study area is villages of ChahNouroz Watershed in Qaleh_E_Ganj county of Kerman, Iran. The sample size was selected according to the number of households in the community, and based on Cochranchr('39')s formula. The households were systematic randomly surveyed by a questionnaire. According to the results, since economic aspects of the activities had been poorly evaluated, the needed efficiency and effectiveness of implementation of the projects in the region were not met, and they are unable to influence on employment and or on non-immigration of the villagers. Furthermore, rural satisfactions are not achieved while using rural resources for the projects, and in total, the majority are not satisfied with these projects and their achievements. In general, it should be noted that the implementation of these projects has had little effect on improving the socioeconomic status of the villagers. The findings of this research provide the basis for how policy-making can be adapted as well as quantity and quality of natural resource projects.

In recent years, Zagros forests damaged due to, over grazing, land use change, illegal possession, fires, use of trunks and branches of trees for fuel and construction materials, forest lands occupied by farming. Although, some affecting factors on degradation of natural resources have identified, but these factors based on socio-economic less study have been investigated. The purpose of this study was examined socio-economic status of Zagros forests community according to the objectives of sustainable development. The type of this study was analytical descriptive. The population studied was the whole households of Kalgachi yurt, a rural with 65 households was answered to the questions. deforest ration for farming, and land use change of forest and animal grazing are the cases that have destroyed more forest land . Reason this Violation to forest cases such as Socio-Economic problems such as Low-income level of the local population, low level of living, low education and low culture, environmental have. Also, results showed 74.58 percent of their livelihoods communities depend on forests. The point of view of forest communities, low income rural people and their dependence on their main occupation, agriculture is the main socio - economic problems and a major cause of destruction of these forest lands.

Nomadic migration has been a way of living in Iran from ancient times. Although this way of life has changed in different periods, the intensity of these changes has an origin in social, political and security issues in addition to livestock and rangelands. The population of the study area is 70 and a number of 58 people were selected using Cochran formula. In the present study, questionnaires were used and data collection was performed using interview. To measure social integration, five factors were used which were included in the questionnaire including customary rights, within group-trust, tribal and local trust, confidence and awareness of the projects provided by the government, and legal protection. Cronbach's Alpha coefficient for the social integration was calculated to be 0.88 and the correlation between social integration and the factors including beneficiaries’ literacy, the history of exploitation, annual income from animal husbandry and the number of livestock was analyzed through Pearson test using SPSS software. It was revealed that there was a direct and significant relationship between social integration and annual revenue of animal husbandry and the history of exploitation while social integration had a significant inverse relationship with the number of livestock, indicating a close relationship between the nomadic community and their social integration. Nomadic community needs should be provided in the form of nomad's social integration. Finally, the tribal system of the country should be viewed as a cultural heritage and it should not be measured by modern development indicators.