This article tries to provide an alternative theoretical framework for managing intelligence organizations and their role in national security by examining the challenges of the information age on intelligence organizations. Criticizing the traditional pattern of intelligence organizations based on the three pillars of "secret disclosure", "producer-customer relationship between information and policy" and "intelligence reporting", the author argues that the continuation of the traditional pattern in the information age and globalization cannot meet the expectations of statesmen for the effective role of intelligence agencies in national security. By presenting an alternative theoretical framework called the "Intelligence weapon", the author argues that the units and theorems of this theory about the role and function of intelligence organizations are appropriate to the age of globalization and through the production of intelligence power can Achieve national security. Instead of seeing Intelligence as an institution for discovering secrets, this theory introduces it as a weapon for covert warfare.

The Emergence of semantic theory of information was accompanied with rapid growth and explosion of information in the first half of the 20th century. Despite the mathematical theory of information that focuses on Shannon's views on information, the semantic theory emphasizes the content of massages in a phenomenon. In this theory, the extent of meanings received by human beings is a measure of semantic information. This paper reviews the difference between Semantic Theory and Mathematical Theory; meanwhile the history of the use of this theory in library and information fields, and manifestation of semantic Theory on theories of information seeking behavior are discussed.

This paper initially gives an example of a conversation between two persons and studies some problems that appeared out of this conversation. These problems are categorized into two groups: figurative and substantial. Figurative problems section is divided in two parts of physical body and language and its structure. There exists the problem of information transfer in language. Because of close relationship between information theory (in mathematics) and optimality theory (in language), language has been defined as a collection of limitations and the role of these limitation has been given in brief. Then the information theory and the channel of information transfer from source to destination will be explained. In this paper the concepts of antropy and redundancy are discussed. Evaluation of antropy and redundancy in English language and an example of an English word, antropy and redundancy in Farsi language will be explained. Then the results are shown as follows: the antropy of Farsi language on the first letter is 5 bit/ symbol and its redundancy is 80%.

The purpose of this study is to examine the questions of the Likert scale with the Classical Test Theory and the Item Response Theory, then putting together the results of these two approaches and answering the question "Are the results of these two approaches consistent? or do they contradict each other?" . The research method is descriptive and in terms of data, it is a secondary analysis method. The subjects studied in this research included 977 students of the junior high school students, that by removing individuals in the data screening stage, finally, the analysis of extraversion items was based on the information of 783 subjects, the analysis of openness items on the information of 763 subjects, and analysis of conscientiousness items on the information of 784 subjects. The research instruments were 3 subscales of extraversion, openness and conscientiousness of the Neo Personality Test. The results of the statistical analysis showed that the higher the internal consistency of the items, the more accurate and valid the results obtained from the graded response model, and for items with low internal consistency through this model, it should be acted cautiously; Because it may show the threshold of the items inverted or the discrimination coefficient of the questions false negative or positive. All in all, the simultaneous use of different methods of statistical analysis will be of aid in better analysis and obtaining more accurate results.

This study analyzes search stopping points and stopping rules used in the online information search process based on the concepts of Information Foraging Theory. The research method is a descriptive-analytical study. Sources are collected from various databases with no time restriction (before August 2022). The results show that from the perspective of Information Foraging Theory, in the online information search process, the searcher enters an information patch by issuing a query. Then searcher decides whether to stay or leave the information patch, by evaluating the relevance and irrelevance of information (scent-based stopping rules) and the time spent within and between patches (patch-based stopping rules). Each time the searcher leaves the information patch, he stops at a point and enters another information patch by issuing a query. The points of leaving one patch to entering another patch are temporary stopping points, because the search process continues and is not yet completed. Finally, by evaluating the information sufficiency (diet-based stopping rules), if searcher obtains enough information, he terminates the search session and stops at the permanent point. This study helps researchers to understand the different stopping rules at temporary and permanent stopping points. The implications of research are used in the design of information search behavior models.

Rafael Capurro defines the concept of information from a philosophical standpoint. At the first step, he criticizes the subjectivist presumptions of information science that derive from subject-object dichotomy in modem thought. As an alternative, Capurro suggests hermeneutic conception of information, based on the works of Heidegger and Gadamer. He attempts to define information in terms of existential practices of living. From this viewpoint, information is defined as an existential dimension of being-in-the-world-with-others, i.e., articulation of Dasein's pragmatic understanding of thematically and situationally shared world. Based on this hermeneutical view, Capurro theorizes about hermeneutic-rhetoric as well as formal methodologic aspects of information science.

Objective: A review of background and the mode of formations, models, developmental stages and scientific application of information epidemiology theory.Methodology: Literature review Findings: The present study indicated that the theory can trace the rise and decline of a school of thought through time. By combining Goff man and Newill’s mathematical model with ISI based analyses, it is possible to predict the outbreak of a research topic, duration of its outbreak, number of individuals affected and when to establish the communication facilities for scientific exchange