Arab conquest of Iran had conspicuous effects on Iranian identity and in some cases changed it radically. As a matter of fact, following this event some constitutive elements of Iranian identity such as "homeland/geography", "Persian state", and even more important one, i.e. "religion" -a crucial element of ancient Persian identity- suffered fundamental changes. Iranian confrontation with this identity crisis crystallized in different forms which might classify to three general categories: pro-Iranians, pro-Islamic Iranians, and Islamic-Iranians. In this paper we will enumerate the "pro-Islamic" group’s main characteristics and then, we will give an analytical survey of Abu Rayhan’s ideas about "identity" and will examine his "Islamic identity" according to his works.

Euthanasia, to end easily the life of a terminally ill patient, is one of the most controversial ethical issues which there are not enough information about it in Iranian society. Valid and reliable instruments can facilitate research in this issue. The current study aimed at assessing the rate of acceptance of euthanasia in a group of college students, and studying validity and reliability of the Euthanasia Attitude Scale (EAS). Four hundred and thirty seven students judged about morality of euthanasia (by accepting euthanasia scale), and then completed the EAS. To analyze the data, indices of descriptive and inferential statistics including factor analysis and convergent validity were used. The results show that only 27.9 percent of the participants agree with euthanasia. There was a strong correlation between euthanasia acceptance and ethical considerations. Factor analysis of the EAS confirmed a three factor structure. Cronbach's alpha for the EAS was 0.88 and its correlation with euthanasia acceptance score was 0.54 which indicate internal consistency reliability and convergent validity of the EAS. According to these findings, most of the students are against euthanasia and their opposition to euthanasia mostly is due to Ethical Considerations within the domains of euthanasia attitude. Moreover, this study showed that the Persian version of the Euthanasia Attitude Scale is a valid instrument for assessing attitudes toward euthanasia.

Abolfazl Beihaqi, a great writer of the Qaznavi period, using the sentence "no one remembered a case like that" and similar sentences in his history book, makes further explanation unnecessary for himself and for his audience. Investigating the application of such sentences with a high frequency (approximately 50) illustrates that he has used them in four cases: in joys and parties (40%), in ceremonies of giving gifts or ranks (27%), in the case of skills (20%), and in natural disasters (13%). We can imagine the following objective for Beahaqi's use of these sentences: using them in their real meanings (32%), unprecedency of the case for Beihaqi (17%), using them as a habit (12%), and using them exaggeratively (39%).The last use is the most frequent one which shows Beihaqi's great love of Sultan Mas'oud, which is not lessened by the interval between the events and the date of writing the book (about 30 years). On the other hand, using these sentences in their real meaning is representative of the luxuries of the Qaznavi's court, unprecedented vinosity and parties, as well as the ingeniousness of the men of the court, especially his ancestors.