Narmashir located in southeastern of Kerman is located in the ways connected center and west of Iranian plateau to the Southeast and coast of Oman. According to this, the evidences of settlements were formed and the fortifications related to them were built in this region. The purpose of this study is to explain the architectural characteristics of these monuments. There are questions that what were the characteristics of the defensive fortifications of Narmashir plain and what factors might have influenced their locations and what patterns were followed? The data gathered through “ field and library method” and the methodology is descriptive-analytical. Some of the findings of this research that can be mentioned are as follows: there is a linear pattern in the spatial distribution of the defensive fortifications, there is a network of identical individual brick towers, the architectural elements follow the topography, there isn’ t any stable pattern in their plans, they were built over the impassable natural platforms, the buildings were constructed on the southeast – northwest axis to counter to the effects of the weather and strong winds, the materials are consistent with the climate and the thickness of walls for better insulation of places.

The grinding process is one of the most important and widely used machining processes to achieve the desired surface quality and dimensional accuracy. Since the undeformed chip thickness is not a constant value in the grinding process and is changing independently and momentarily for each abrasive, the accurate determination of the undeformed chip thickness is essential to determine the grinding forces and surface topography of the grinding wheel. Previous studies on grinding forces were mainly regardless of the micro-mechanisms between the abrasive and the workpiece. On the other hand, only the average values of forces could be calculated by determining the average value for undeformed chip thickness. In this study, a new analytical model with the approach of kinematic-geometric analysis of abrasive grain trajectory is presented to determine the undeformed chip thickness and subsequent grinding forces. This model predicts the components of normal and tangential grinding forces (including sliding, plowing, and cutting forces) accurately and in detail based on the instantaneous undeformed chip thickness obtained from the kinematic analysis of abrasive movement and micro-mechanisms between abrasive and the workpiece. Finally, experimental tests were performed to validate the theoretical model.

In the present study the effect of change in thickness and material of the middle layer in fiber metal laminates (FMLs) with squared section on the energy absorption is investigated. In this work four types of specimens, based on the change in the material of the middle layer, were produced. In order to fabricate FML samples, Glass-epoxy, Carbon-epoxy, polyurethane foam and aluminum 2024 were utilized as the middle layer and aluminum 2024 for inner and outer layers, respectively. The specimens were then subjected to the compression test and their forcedisplacement curves were experimentally obtained. Additionally, the effect of the middle layer thickness on the energy abortion performance was studied by numerical simulation using Ls-Dyna explicit code. The numerical model was initially validated by experiment. In conclusion, it was found that the maximum and minimum efficiency were determined for the FML specimen made of Carbon-epoxy and foam, respectively. Moreover, by changing the middle layer thickness, it was numerically demonstrated that the specimen with three layers of the same thickness yields the best absorption energy capability.

In the current investigation a Ni-B-Al2O3 composite coating was fabricated through electroless method and the effects of heat treatment on microstructure, hardness and tribological properties was studied. Electroless Ni-B-Al2O3 coating of 30 mm thickness was applied on the surface of Ck45 steel. Following that, the coated samples went through heat treatment for 1 h at 400°C. X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy were utilized in order to characterize the coating. Tribological behavior and hardness of the samples were studied by means of pin on disk and Vickers microhardness measurement device. The results revealed that the addition of Al2O3 particles leads to grain refinement and consequent microhardness elevation. Moreover, heat treatment resulted in nanocrystalline structure, therefore, hardness and wear resistance of the coating improved due to transformation of amorphous phase to crystalline structure and production of Ni3B phase.

Nodaway, membrane methods such as ultrafiltration have been considered to separating pollutions from fluids. The governing equations indicate the role of cartridge geometry on the separation process. The present study is carried out to investigate the effect of cartridge geometry on the separation performance of a hollow fiber ultrafiltration system. Numerical Modeling are divided into three categories, include circle, square, and triangle. The region including fibers is considered as a porous medium. Results show in the same conditions, the use of square and triangular geometry reduce transemembrane pressure, cake thickness and consequently the cake resistance and the membrane resistance compared to circle. Also, triangle geometry has shown better performance under changes in inflow and packaging density and the time to reach the same thickness of the cake is more than the other two geometries.

Bone tissue is atrophied in immobilization induced by osteoporosis because of loss of muscular activity and decreased weight bearing. Many researchers have revealed biostimulatory effects of low- power lasers (LPL). The aim of present study is evaluating LPL effect on immobilized tibia of rabbit. 15 male healthy adult rabbits were divided equally into experimental, control and normal groups. Under general anesthesia, hip, knee and ankle joints of control group and experimental group were immobilized by plaster of paris. No treatment was done on the rabbits of control and experimental groups at first week after casting. He – Ne LPL (energy density: 13.5 J/cm2) were irradiated to a fixed point cm of tibia of experimental group in second week (5 sessions) and during third to sixth week (3 sessions). Rabbits of the normal group had lived freely for the same time of the control and experimental group and there were not any casting on them. All rabbits were killed by cholorform at the end of sixth week A bone sample was taken from fixed point of experimentalgroup and same place of control and normal groups. The samples were prepared for light microscopical study. Diaphyseal breadths were recorded and were analysed by ANOVA method. Histological changes of groups were recorded in control group, haversian systems were observed but there weren't any blood vessel and cell in the haversian chanals and osteocyte in the lacunae too. In the experimental group periosteum was thicker than control group and haversian systems were irregular. There were blood cells and osteocytes in the haversian chanals and osteocytes in lacunae. In the present investigation low - power laser not only neutralized adverse effects of immobilization but also increased periosteal thickness and remodiling activity.