طی بررسی های انجام شده در چندین گلخانه شمال غرب و جنوب غرب ایران در پاییز 1400-1401، علائم ویروسی از جمله موزاییک برگ، تغییر شکل و بدشکلی برگ و بند کفشی در چندین گیاه گوجه فرنگی مشاهده شد. واکنش زنجیره ای پلی­مراز رونویسی معکوس (RT-PCR) با استفاده از آغازگرهای اختصاصی برای تشخیص ویروس چروکیدگی قهوه ای میوه گوجه فرنگی (ToBRFV) انجام شد. یک قطعه 458 جفت بازی مربوط به بخشی از ژن پروتئین پوششی در تمام نمونه های علائم دار تکثیر شد. تجزیه و تحلیل بلاست توالی و هم ترازی چندگانه جدایه توالی یابی شده با جدایه های به دست آمده از بانک ژن، شباهت توالی نوکلئوتیدی 99.76  درصد را با جدایه های بانک ژن نشان داد. آنالیز فیلوژنتیک جدایه های ToBRFV را در سه کلاد گروه بندی کرد، جدایه ایرانی (Jol-F-2022) در کلاد دو قرار گرفت. احتمال آلودگی مخلوط نمونه ها با ویروس های مهم با استفاده از آغازگرهای عمومی ارتوتوسپوویروس ها (orthotospovirus)، و آغازگرهای اختصاصی ویروس پیسک خفیف فلفل (PMMoV)، ویروس موزائیک گوجه فرنگی (ToMV) و ویروس موزاییک خیار (CMV) مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. در پنج نمونه، آغازگرهای اختصاصی CMV یک قطعه 657 جفت بازی از ژن پروتئین پوششی را تکثیر کردند، در حالی که هیچ قطعه ای با آغازگرهای عمومی برای جنس ارتوتوسپوویروس و آغازگرهای اختصاصی برای PMMoV وToMV تکثیر نشد. تجزیه و تحلیل بلاست نوکلئوتیدی (BLASTn) شباهت توالی نوکلئوتیدی را در حدود 95.13-98.85 بین جدایه CMV ایرانی و توالی های مربوطه در بانک ژن نشان داد. آنالیز فیلوژنتیک بر اساس توالی های نوکلئوتیدی ژن پروتئین پوششی، جدایه های CMV را در سه گروه اصلی گروه بندی کرد، جدایه ایرانی با جدایه های CMV هندی در زیرگروه IB گروه بندی شد. مطالعات بیولوژیکی با تلقیح مکانیکی یک نمونه آلوده روی توتون (Nicotiana rustica) انجام شد. گیاهان تلقیح شده علائم موزائیک شدیدی را در 15 روز پس از تلقیح (dpi) نشان دادند و آلودگی توسط هر دو ویروس از طریق RT-PCR با استفاده از آغازگرهای اختصاصی تایید شد. این مطالعه اولین گزارش از آلودگی مخلوط گیاهان گوجه فرنگی با ToBRFV و CMV در ایران را ارائه می دهد.

According to reports about the appearance of various mutations in the novel coronavirus 2019 (nCoV-2019), the main purpose of this article is to introduce the types of mutations and important variants around the world. This study mainly focuses on the surface protein of the virus, called Spike (S) protein. S protein has undergone the most known mutation to date and has been used as the main target by vaccine platforms. Therefore, considering the importance and role of S protein, an attempt has been made to discuss mutations, the emergence of new variants, and their possible consequences in design and development of drugs and vaccines. Furthermore, developed nCov-19 vaccine platforms (based on mRNA, inactivated virus, protein subunit, replicating viral vector, and virus-like particles) being introduced. Also, according to international standards, monitoring of each method is being performed, which based on accurate scientific analysis and better statistical models, the potentials of these methods can be used to reduce the effects of the epidemic.

In December 2019, a new Coronavirus, also known as acute respiratory disease, was identified in Wuhan, China, named by the World Health Organization (WHO), COVID-19. One of the most important symptoms of this disease is acute respiratory symptoms, which is 2% of cases that lead to the death of the patient. The virus spread rapidly in China and spread to other countries within a few months. The disease has recently spread to areas in Southeast Asia, East Asia, South Asia, West Asia, Europe, the Americas, and even Australia. Iran is also one of the West Asian countries affected by the disease. Due to the prevalence and transmission of the disease on February 4, the World Health Organization declared a state of emergency and recommended that countries reduce individual-toperson transmission of the disease by reducing contact with people, especially those with illness and staff, and control its global expansion. The current state of corona prevalence has caused mental health problems such as stress, anxiety, depressive symptoms, insomnia, denial, anger, and fear in people. The results of this study indicate that in the event of an outbreak of infectious diseases with high mortality, the close cooperation of psychiatrists, specialists in other branches of health, local authorities, and health workers in the community is essential. Therefore, early and continuous psychiatric interventions are recommended by the mental health team to minimize the harmful effects of coronavirus disease conditions.

The COVID-19 pandemic, also known as the coronavirus pandemic, as an emerging disease brought about one of the most critical situations for the health care system. One of the most critical conditions placed facing the health care services’ system. The difficulty of managing this crisis, particularly with the special conditions of Iran, the unknown nature of the disease and the lack of sufficient experience, provided the arena for creativity and various innovations. These valuable experiences, if managed and turned into explicit knowledge, will provide valuable reserves for the Iranian and the world and health care system and neglect of explicit knowledge, it will lead to the loss of this enormous capital.

Background: Pneumonia of unknown cause detected in Wuhan, China, was the first report on 31 December 2019. The World Health Organization (WHO) officially named it New Coronavirus Disease or COVID-19: "COVI" comes from coronavirus. The "D" stands for the disease. Chinese ministry of Health categorized it as a quarantined disease, and took strict preventive and control measures for this infectious disease. In Iran, the first cases of COVID-19 were reported from Qom on February 19, 2020, and spread to the other 31 provinces in 15 days. This study conducted to investigate some epidemiological features of the COVID-19 epidemic in Iran. Methods: This study was conducted as a narrative review from February 19 to March 15, 2020. In this study, the most recent documentation published in pieces of literature, especially in China, has been reviewed. Moreover, mortality and morbidity of definite cases in Iran were summarized and reported. Findings: The COVID-19 epidemic officially confirmed with two deaths in the city of Qom, Iran, on February 30, 2020, and spread rapidly throughout the 31 provinces in the country. During this period, 13938 cases and 724 deaths due to COVID-19 were reported by the Ministry of Health in Iran. Conclusion: Shreds of evidence suggests that early measures for timely action and early detection of COVID-19 were slightly delayed.

Modes of transmission of the COVID-19 virus are still unclear. The virus could spread through direct routes, including aerosols and saliva, and indirect transmission through contaminated surfaces. Dental practitioners produce airborne infectious particles especially when using rotary instruments during treatment. Oral fluids, blood, and oral mucosa are also sources of infection, so dentists are exposed to coronavirus more than other medical staff. Indeed, designing appropriate protocols and prevention strategies are highly important. In this review paper, we will explain and review the transmission pathways of the coronavirus, clinical signs of infected patients, dental office infection control, and dental treatment considerations.