The purpose of the present study was examining the relationship between cultural globalization and tendency to fertility among young women and girls. Statistical society of the present research was the young women and girls in Shiraz, Fars Province. This study used survey method and prepared a questionnaire for data collection. The sampling method used in this survey was multi-stage share random sampling. The sample size was estimated to be 600 according to Lin Table (p≤0.05). A theoretical framework regarding Giddens’ theory was formulated. Results showed a tendency to fertility among statistical society was 29 percent and low. Moreover, Findings of the bivariate analysis showed there were significant relationships among the variables: ICT, mobile use, gender role attitude, awareness of contraceptive, and individualism with the tendency to fertility. Multivariate analysis showed there were significant relationships among variables: ICT, individualism, gender role attitude and mobile use (R2=26.3) with a tendency to fertility.

This research is done in order to study the factors that affect the trend among women to have babies in District 1 and District 19 of Tehran and compare them. A decrease in fertility rate in this city is one of the demographical characteristics of the city. So a study on Tehran is of great importance. The Statistical population of this research includes all mothers who go to optometry and audiometry centers for children starting school education. The goal of this research is to study the effect of variables of social support and women’ s employment on further pregnancy. Based on the results of Samers' d and Kendall’ s tests on variables of social support and inclination to have more children, another significant relationship is identified that shows the strength of kinship network in Iran. But no significant relationship is revealed between the variable of women's employment and socio-economic status of family on the one hand, and inclination to have more children, on the other hand.

Background: Causes of non-childbearing tendency is an important question in social decision making in each society. According to the importance of childbearing in Iran, this study was done with the aim to consider the factors affecting childbearing tendency in Tehran police personnel.Materials and Methods: This cross sectional study was done on 384 married police personal in Tehran in 2014. In this study, subjects were selected by using two-stage cluster sampling and responded to both the demographical questionnaire and the expectation, attitude and childbearing tendency questionnaire whose validities and reliabilities had been confirmed. In this study, data were analyzed suing SPSS version 20 software and were reported by independent t-test, analysis of variance and Pearson correlation.Results: This study consisted of 384 persons, 181 (47%) female and 203 (53%) male -185 (48%) line personnel and 199 (52%) staff personnel) with the mean age and work experience of 34 and 11 years, respectively. The positive percent of expectation, attitude and childbearing tendency were 94%, 85%, 77.3% respectively. Results showed that variables; low work time, spouse ethnicity, official or contract employment status, active worker status, expectation and attitude toward childbearing, increasing before marriage family size and military grade, ideal age for childbearing, less spouse age difference, increasing ideal number of children showed positive significant relationship with childbearing tendency, and sex, age, work experience, family birth rank, marriage age showed no significant relation-ship with childbearing tendency.Conclusion: According to the results, reinforcing the need for enhancing and raising children is necessary and it needs to be planned. Also, because of the positive relationship of attitude and marriage expectation with childbearing tendency, essential cultural works are emphasized to improve these two areas.

One of the issues which has drawn attention in these years, is tending to less childbearing. Consequently, the fertility rate decrease in cities is remarkable. The goal of this study is to explore demographic, sociocultural, and economic factors which are related to "tend to wanting fewer children" in Tehran city. Data were collected by a survey method in fall, 2013. Samples were 406 married women, who were 15-49 years old, and they resided in Tehran city. The factors which have a significant relation with tendency to fewer childbearing have been found. They are demographic factors: older age at first marriage of wives and husbands; social factors: women's education level, norms of having few children, individualism, and inability to create a harmony among housework, parenting, and occupation; and economic factors: lack of sufficient income, job insecurity, the country's economic instability, and inability to provide a residence. Regression analysis shows that in one hand the number of survived children increases the tendency to childbearing, and on the other hand importance to individual freedoms, and independence decrease the tendency to childbearing. In addition, inability to incorporate housework and parenting, and also lack of coordination between parenting and occupation or education decrease the tendency to childbearing, as well. As a result, it can be said that fertility is based on benefits and social costs of childbearing.

The present study is aimed at investigating the relationship of social capital and lifestyle (traditional and modern lifestyles) with the tendency to childbearing among students of Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University in the academic year 2014-2015. The sample size consisted of 384 participants selected via the stratified random sampling. The data were collected via a researcher-made questionnaire. Findings of the present study indicate that there is a reverse and significant correlation between the degree of using foreign media (the Internet, virtual social networks and satellite networks) and the tendency towards childbearing, but there no significant correlation was observed between the sue of domestic media and the tendency towards childbearing. In addition, a positive and significant correlation of social capital (social trust, social participation and social cohesion) and the tradition lifestyle with the tendency towards childbearing was observed. But the correlation between the modern lifestyle and tendency towards childbearing was a reverse and significant one. Moreover, from among demographic variables (age, gender, educational level, employment status and ethnicity), only the correlation between employment status and ethnicity with the tendency towards childbearing was significant.

Child bearing is one of the most vital elements in Demography science, which has absorbed many attentions in social fields. In according to the importance of population transition in the 4 recent decades, as well as social and economic impacts on Child bearing, this survey is supposed to consider the relation between religious tendency, social beliefs, social cooperation and economic advantages with the rate of tendency to Child bearing with each of their effect on this case, which can be done by the usage of Veber, Esterlin, Fazio and Durkheim theories.The method is a survey. In order to gather data “Questionnaire" has been used. The statistical population contains married youth in Tabriz, being chosen by Random Sampling and with the use of "Cochran" formula 386 people are selected. For descriptive analysis, SPSS software and for the multi structural variables analysis, LISREL is used. Totally, result indicates that used independent variable could explain 22%. of dependent variable variance. Also result showed there are reverse effect of social participation and increasingly effect of Religious Tendency on the rate of tendency to child bearing.

Background and aims: In recent decades, Iran has faced the problem of rapid fertility decline, which has changed the structure of the country's population and can eventually turn the country's young structure into an old structure. The results of population aging include include the decrease in the young and economically useful population and the labor force of the country, and will further lead to issues such as increasing the cost of caring for the elderly. One of the factors that affect fertility is the tendency to have children, which indicates a person's interest in having children. Changing the lifestyle of Iranian women such as increasing the age of marriage, working outside the home and cultural and economic norms, etc. are factors that have reduced the tendency of women to have children. Examining the factors that affect women's tendency to have children can be a way to conduct scientific interventions to increase the tendency to have children. Undoubtedly, the tendency to have children can lead to an increase in fertility. In Islam, childbearing is recommended and pregnancy and breastfeeding are considered as worship for women. Therefore, one of the factors that have been measured in relation to the tendency to childbearing in this study is spiritual health. Another factor that has been measured in relation to the tendency to childbearing in this study is health literacy. We want to examine whether health literacy and spiritual health are related to the tendency to childbearing? The purpose of this study was to investigate the tendency to childbearing and its relationship with health literacy and spiritual health in women referring to the healthcare centers of Torbat Heydarieh in 2019. Methods: This research is a cross-sectional study of analytical type that was conducted in the comprehensive health service centers of Torbat-e Heydarieh in 2019. 269 married women aged 15 to 49 years referring to comprehensive health service centers in Torbat-e Heydarieh were selected by cluster random sampling. The instrument used in this study was a four-part questionnaire, the first part was related to the personal characteristics of the participants and the second part was the childbearing tendency questionnaire and the third questionnaire was Helia Health Literacy Questionnaire and the fourth questionnaire was SWBS Spiritual Health Questionnaire. Questionnaires were provided to the samples and they were assured about the confidentiality of information and the optionality of the company and cancellation of the study at each stage of the research. Then the data analysis was performed using descriptive statistical analysis, Pearson correlation coefficient and linear regression in SPSS software version 23. 0. Results: The mean age of women in this study was 28. 9 ± 5. 8 years and the mean number of children per household was 1. 32± 1. 06. The mean age of the participants' spouses was 33. 72 ± 6. 44. The mean score of health literacy was 42. 9± 5. 8, the mean score of childbearing tendency was 46. 09 ± 6. 9 and the mean score of spiritual health was 88. 7± 13. 3. In 0. 55 people, health literacy was at the border level and in 0. 82 people, spiritual health was at the average level. The variables of age, number of children and level of education of the spouse were factors related to the tendency to childbearing. With increasing one year of age, the average score of tendency to childbearing increased by 0. 33 (p = 0. 02) and with the addition of one child, the mean score of tendency to childbearing decreased by 1. 1 (p = 0. 03). Pearson correlation coefficient was used to investigate the relationship between health literacy tendency to childbearing and spiritual health. The results showed that there was no significant relationship between health literacy and the tendency to childbearing and spiritual health. So that the correlation coefficient between health literacy and tendency to childbearing (p = 0. 57, r = 0. 04) and the correlation coefficient between health literacy and spiritual health were (p = 0. 20, r = 0. 08). There was a positive and significant relationship between the tendency to childbearing and spiritual health (p = 0. 003, r = 0. 18). Conclusion: The results of the study showed that the level of women's health literacy had no effect on their tendency to childbearing and the two categories were unrelated in this study. But spiritual health had a positive and significant relationship with the tendency to childbearing. that's mean women with higher spiritual health were more interested in childbearing. Therefore, in planning educational interventions to increase women's tendency to childbearing, we must pay attention to the dimension of women's spiritual health and consider strengthening women's spiritual health.

One of the challenging issues for the young couples, sometimes leading to deep and harsh differences and argument (between the two parties) is the problem of having a child or not. The major question in law is whether a consequence of marriage, whether each marriage by itself hassush a consequence or whether marriage has no such a consequence per se unless the condition of having a child is mentioned in the marriage contract and the relevant documents. There exist two ideas and theories. First, having a child is the consequence of marriage by itself, and if the couple do not want to have a child, it must be mentioned in the contract wheather expressed or implied.Second, marriage by itself dose not have the consequence of having a child unless it is stated in the contract whether expressed or implied. the present article with an approach towards fegh and law tends to prove this theory that although marriage bt itself has no consequence of having a child, each marriage based on the term implid in act and has the consequence. In other words, it is not necessary to express in the contract, but normally having a child is the term implied in act unless not having a child is mentiond in the contract whether expressed or implied.

Introduction: Since fertility is associated with economic, social and cultural factors, accurate identification of these factors is necessary. Iran is in the decline of population growth and advance in technology can have an effective role in reducing fertility rate. An example of technology is the extension of communications industry especially virtual social networks. This study was performed with aim to determine the association between the use of virtual social networks and tendency to childbearing in the students of Ferdowsi and Mashhad University of Medical Sciences.Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on 909 students of Ferdowsi and Mashhad University of Medical Sciences in 2015. Data collection tools included demographic questionnaire, the questionnaire of using virtual social networks in five dimensions and the questionnaire of tendency to childbearing. Data was analyzed using SPSS software (version 19) and Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and Spearman correlation coefficient. PResults: Among the aspects of social networks, the intensity of use with mean percentage of 60 was the most common. Also, significant relation was found between type of use, intensity and reactivity with tendency to childbearing (P<0.001). The rate of use and duration of membership were not significantly related to childbearing. Age, family size and level of education had a negative significant relationship with tendency to childbearing (P<0.002).Conclusion: Fertility is more influenced by the individual characteristics such as age and family size. It seems that the use of virtual social networks have no impact on reduced tendency to childbearing.