Introduction Climate change is one of the greatest challenges of our time to achieve sustainable development. The dangers of global warming and climate change can be recognised and planned for, so efforts should be made to identify the consequences and methods of adaptation to reduce their impact, as trees and plants are sensitive to climate change, heat and moisture stress, and forest ecosystems are affected by these changes. Climate change is one of the greatest challenges of our time to achieve sustainable development. The threats of global warming and climate change can be identified and planned for, so efforts should be made to identify the consequences and methods of adaptation and reduce their impacts because the sensitivity of trees and plants to climate change, heat and moisture stress, forest ecosystems are affected by these changes. Forest degradation due to climate change is a global phenomenon affecting many tree species. One of the major challenges to Iran's natural resources is the degradation of oak forests. The increase in temperature in recent years has lengthened the growing season of Iranian oak, and due to the lack of rainfall, the intensity of water stress on this forest species has increased. Understanding the extent of climate change in the Zagros ecosystem based on standard indicators that show climate change can help managers and planners take action to adapt to conservation and restoration conditions.Materials and Methods In this study, based on the standard indicators established and updated by the World Meteorological Organization, the occurrence of climate change in six sites monitoring the decline of oak trees in Ilam Province, including Sarabeleh, Mala Siah and Dalab Strait, was detected in both north and south directions. The trend slope line, trend slope error and trend significance of the indices in the statistical range P value=0.05 were calculated using ClimPACT software in R program environment. The characteristics of heat, cold, combined, and precipitation indices such as day, number of occurrences, and continuity of the index in the nearest synoptic station to each site were identified, and daily data of minimum temperature, maximum temperature, and precipitation parameters were used between 1987 and 2019. The variations of each index were plotted and analyzed as graphs in the R software environment. Accordingly, the trend slope and significant indices affecting heat stress (hot temperature indices and cold-temperature indices) and water stress were calculated with the software ClimPACT in the R programme environment.Results and Discussion The results of the trend and significance of thermal indicators for climate change detection showed that of the 16 heat indices studied, in Ivan station, 11 indicators showed a significant trend of about 70% and in Ilam 9 indicators showed a significant trend of about 56%.The heat-based temperature indices, especially those based on maximum temperatures, showed a significant change towards warming, while those based on minimum temperatures showed no significant trend. The study of heat waves showed that the northern and northwestern regions of the province were subjected to several periods of heat waves, which occurred with greater frequency and continuity in the northwestern part of the province (Malah Siah and Dolab Strait sites) than in the northern part (Sarab sites) of the province, confirming the emergence of high mountain regions as a result of climate change. Cold-based temperature indices of 8 studied indices in Ivan-e-Sorchrove station, 7 indices were above 87% and Ilam 3 was about 38% the trend was significantThe cold-based temperature indices in Ivan West station show a significant change in the direction of a decrease of frost and cold and their persistence and warming, and in Ilam station the decrease of cold and warming of air after 2008 indicates a decrease of cold and warming. The results of the trend and significance of the combined indices for climate change detection in Ivan West station were 100% and in Ilam station 50% showed significant trend. The combined indices confirm climate change in terms of increase in air temperature due to increase in growing season and increase in trend of change in maximum temperature. The study of the trend and significance of ten precipitation indices related to the frequency and intensity of heavy rainfall and the length of dry and wet periods showed only one index in Ivan-e-West station, which was about 10%. The station Ilam did not show significant changes in the precipitation index.Conclusion It can be concluded that zagros vegetative region in Ilam province has experienced severe thermal changes during 1987-2019 and climate change in the north of Zagros vegetative region is a type of temperature increase that has been extended to the northwestern regions of this region since 2008. The results show that in deterioration sites, in addition to increasing temperature, some precipitation has increased. Therefore, it can be said that the occurrence of climate change phenomenon causes increasing temperature, occurrence of floods, emergence of droughts and creating dust phenomenon, especially from neighboring countries and intensifying it in the country, all of these factors are the starting factors of the decline of Oak Trees in Ilam province. What seems to be important is to take necessary measures to prevent and mitigate the effects of climate change. These two measures can be effective and useful in reducing the effects of flood severity and risk. Therefore, managers and planners of forest ecosystems should have adaptive strategies to climate change in order to maintain and revive their executive plans so that Zagros can survive as a forest ecosystem. Although the occurrence of climate change phenomenon is one of the most important factors of drought and deterioration of Zagros forests, conservation and restoration of oak forest ecosystems can help reduce greenhouse gas emissions and climate change.

Introduction and GoalIn recent years, the use of flood spreading systems is one of the most effective ways to control surface water, especially in arid and semi-arid regions which In addition to the reduction of the harmful effects of floods, it results in the reduction of soil erosion, the strengthening ground water tables, the improvement of agricultural lands and the rehabilitation of rangelands vegetation. In flooded rangelands, there is little information about the characteristics of the soil seed bank. This, in turn, has cost and wasted a lot of time. The presence of many species in the seed bank can explain the effects of environmental and management factors in the past. Identification of this resource plays an important role in the protection and restoration of vegetation. In this regard, the aim of the current study is to assess the biological diversity indicators of the existing seed bank due to flood spreading in order to restore and improve the vegetation cover in such rangelands.Materials and MethodsIn order to investigate the effects of flood spreading on the composition, density, diversity, richness and evenness species of the soil seed bank in two areas with flood spread and without flood spread (Control) in Gareh Bygone Fasa region, seed bank research was carried out for three years from 2020. In June 2020, was done after the preliminary identification of the rangelands of the flood spreading area, the location of two representative areas inside and outside the flood spreading area (Control). Sampling of the soil seed bank in the fall of 2020, before the seeds in the soil began to grow. Inside the representative area (rangeland flooded in 6 strips) and Control (rangeland without flooding), 1 transect of 150 meters was established in the direction perpendicular to the slope of the land. At 10-m intervals along each transect, a 1-m2 plot was randomly selected (total of 15 plots or repetitions). A pit with a diameter of 7 cm and a depth of 0 to 5 and 5 to 10 cm was dug in the four corners and center of each plot. Soils of each depth were combined separately in five points of one square meter plot and considered as a sample for planting in special trays in the greenhouse. The soil seed bank samples were kept in the refrigerator for four months to break the seed dormancy and then transferred to the greenhouse environment for one year for cultivation and by the seedling emergence method, the seeds in the soil which gradually they turned green, were identified and counted.Analyzes related to the seed bank were performed based on the number of germinated seedlings and counted in the greenhouse. The density of species in the soil seed bank was calculated by calculating the total number of seeds of all species per square meter. The diversity, richness and evenness of species were assessed using PAST software. For species richness of the soil seed bank, Margalef and Menhinic indices were used, Shannon-Wiener and Simpson indices were used for diversity, and Hill index was used for evenness. To compare the properties of the soil seed bank (density, richness, diversity and evenness of species) was also used between two representative areas of flooded rangeland and non-flooded rangeland (control) independent t-test and paired t-test were also used to compare between two depths of 0-5 and 5-10 cm. The analysis was conducted via R software, employing one-way analysis of variance and Duncan's method for comparison of means.Results and DiscussionsThe results of the greenhouse studies showed that a total of 5340 seeds germinated in the greenhouse, 3756 seeds germinated in the flood spreading area at a depth of 0-5 cm and 1190 seeds germinated at a depth of 5-10 cm. In the area without flooding (control), 329 seeds grew at a depth of 0-5 cm and 65 seeds grew at a depth of 5-10 cm. In the flood spreading area of Aquifer Management Kowsar Station, in terms of the average density of the seed bank, at a depth of 0-5 cm, a total of 113 seeds per square meter (from 18 plant families and 61 species) sprouted. At a depth of 5-10 cm, a total of 36 seeds per square meter (from 18 plant families and 56 species) germinated. In the control area, in terms of the average seed bank density, at a depth of 0-5 cm, the average of 9.96 seeds per square meter (from 10 plant families and 23 species) germinated. At a depth of 5-10 cm, the average of 1.96 seeds per square meter (from 8 plant families and 15 species) germinated. The average density of sprouted seeds in the soil depth of 0-5 cm was 3.14 times higher than that in the soil depth of 5-10 cm. In the control area, the average density of germinated seeds in the soil depth of 0-5 cm was 5.08 times higher than that of the soil depth of 5-10 cm. The results of variance analysis showed that in terms of biodiversity indices (density, number of species, diversity, and richness species evenness) between the strips of Bisheh Zard 1 and control flood spreading network at the depth of 0-5 and 5-10 cm of the bank, there is a significant difference between soil seeds at the level of 1% and 5%. The results of the t-test showed that in terms of biodiversity indices between the depths of 0-5 and 5-10 cm of the soil seed bank both in the flood spreading area and in the non-flooding area (control) there is a significant difference in there are 1% and 5% levels.Conclusion and SuggestionsIn general, it can be concluded that the implementation of flood spreading operations in the studied area has created a special ecosystem that has improved the environmental conditions such as sufficient humidity and suitable organic matter in the area. Also, it has a significant effect on increasing the density and diversity, richness and evenness of the soil seed bank species, as well as the species composition. Therefore, the potential of the existing seed bank can be used to rehabilitation this area and similar areas. In general, the results of this research showed that the soil seed bank of this region had a positive response to the implementation of the flood spreading operation, so that the highest density, diversity, richness and evenness of the soil seed stock was observed in the flood spreading area. It is suggested to carry out projects on the effects of flood spreading on biodiversity indices in forestry plots with different species of Eucalyptus, Acacia, as well as shrub planting plots with Atriplex species, as well as a control plot be compared in Gareh Bygone, Fasa. This research's findings can be used in preserving plant diversity, preserving genetic reserves, and revitalizing and managing vegetation in the region.

Introduction Increasing public awareness of the impact of diet on health has increased the demand for healthy food products, especially probiotics. Probiotics are living and non-pathogenic microorganisms with beneficial effects on the host when consumed on a regular basis  and sufficient amounts (106 cfu/gr or ml). A significant number of probiotics become inactive during various food processes (thermal, mechanical and osmotic stress), storage condition (exposure to oxygen, UV light and low or high temperature) or during interaction with food ingredients. In addition, the breakdown and passage of food through the digestive system can also affect the survival and ability of probiotics to form colony in the intestine. Therefore, it is a challenge for food manufacturers to maintain and deliver live probiotic cells in sufficient quantities via food product. On the other hand, the variety of probiotic food products in the market, especially in Iran, is low and is mainly limited to dairy products, fermented drinks and pickles. Bioactive edible films and coatings are defined as biopolymer-based structures that carry bioactive components such as vitamins, enzymes, peptides, etc, and slowly release them on the food surface during storage. Biopolymers such as polysaccharides, proteins, and lipids are used in the preparation of edible films and coatings. Trapping probiotic bacteria in the structure of edible films and coatings is a new approach that has been proposed to increase the survival of these microorganisms and to develop new probiotic products in the food industry.   Materials and Methods In this study, an alginate-based probiotic bioactive film containing L. plantarum was fabricated after centrifuging of overnight culture of probiotic bacterium from MRS medium and adding the bacterial cells into film forming solution. The effect of bacterial addition on physical, mechanical and prevention properties of alginate film was evaluated. In addition, the effect of two temperatures 4 °C and 25 °C on the survival of embedded probiotic bacterium in the film structure during one month of storage was also investigated by microbial count assay on MRS agar medium. Then, the model food was covered with probiotic film and the survival of probiotic bacterium during  storage at 4 °C was determined.   Results and Discussion The results showed that the population of probiotic bacterium declined about 4.61% after drying of alginate film solution. Addition of probiotic bacterium to the alginate film increased the thickness, turbidity, and tensile strength of the film, while had no significant effect on solubility, water activity, Elongation (%) and microstructure of alginate film. In addition, the probiotic film containing bacteria had less Lightness (L*), and moisture content than the control film. Also, the incorporation of L. plantarum in alginate film could decrease the water vapor permeability (WVP) from 0.755 to 4.51 (×10-10 g m-1s-1pa-1). The total color difference (ΔE) of alginate film containing probiotic bacteria compared to control film without probiotic bacteria was 1.1. The SEM images were confirmed the proper and uniform distribution of probiotic L. plantarum cells on the surface of alginate film. The survival percentage of L. plantarum in alginate film after one month of storage at 4 °C and 25 °C was 96.84 and 47.29%, respectively. Also, the population of embedded bacteria in the film structure on the food model (sausage) surface after three weeks storage in refrigerator was in desired level of probiotic products (> 106 cfu / gr).   Conclusion  The viability of probiotic bacteria after the application of alginate film containing L. plantarum on the surface of food model (sausage) during cold storage remained at the optimal recommended level for three weeks. Therefore, alginate film is recommended as a suitable carrier for probiotic microorganisms to produce new functional products.

In the past, various methods have been proposed to control beach heel scouring. For shallow rivers (such as mountain rivers), various types of overflows are used. Therefore, the development of scour in cross-vane and w-weir structures for coastal protection was investigated in this study. The results showed that by installing a w-weir structure in a 90-degree position compared to a 30 and 60-degree position, a 37. 9% and 19. 7% reduction of scouring was observed, respectively. Also, by installing the cross vane structure in the 90-degree position compared to the 30 and 60-degree position, a 35. 4% and 21. 2% reduction of scouring was observed, respectively. With increasing width (L / B) (ratio of the width of structure to the width of flume), the w-weir structure decreased from 1. 5 to 2, scour rate of 7. 9%. Also, with increasing width (L / B) (ratio of the width of structure to the width of flume), the cross-vane structure has decreased from 1. 3 to 1. 7, and the scour rate has decreased by 4. 7%. The w-weir structure had an average of 7. 3% less scouring than the cross-vane structure.