Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), and hepatitis C virus (HCV) are known as the most common blood-borne viral infections worldwide. Individuals referring to drop-in centers (DICs) are considered high-risk people exposed to infection with blood-borne viruses. The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of HIV, HBV, and HCV infections among women referred to DICs in Lorestan Province, western Iran. During this cross-sectional study, after obtaining informed consent and completing a demographic form, two blood samples were collected from 118 women referred to Lorestan DICs to be evaluated for HIV, HBV, and HCV infections. Accordingly, the samples were first screened by using the most common serological methods and then by Real-Time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect viral genomes. The results were analyzed using Chi-square statistical test and binary logistic regressions. Out of the 118 blood samples, 8 (6. 8%), 4 (3. 4%), and 10 (8. 5%) subjects tested positive for HIV, HBV, and HCV infection, respectively. Furthermore, our study showed that 5 (4. 2%) subjects were positive for HCV/HIV coinfection and 3 (2. 5%) cases for HBV/HCV coinfection. Moreover, our data revealed that incarceration and STDs were the most important risk factors for HIV (odds ratio [OR]=15. 27,95% confidence interval [CI]: 3. 74-62. 89,P=0. 01) and HBV (OR=16,95% CI: 1. 57-42. 34),P=0. 018) infections, respectively. Our results suggested that women referring to DICs are at risk of infection with blood-borne viruses due to risky behaviors. Thus, precise diagnostic testing and implementation of preventive methods against blood and sexually transmitted infections are urgent in these high-risk groups.

The jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) is one of the natural remedies significantly used in folk medicine. The ethnopharmacological applications of jackfruit are mainly concerned with the management of inflammation, diarrhea, and diabetes mellitus. Flavonoids, stilbenoids, aryl benzofurans, and lectin jacalin are abundant in jackfruit species. Jacalin is a good indicator for evaluating the immunological state of HIV-1 patients. The extracts and metabolites of jackfruit, particularly those from the leaves, bark, stem, and fruit, contain several beneficial bioactive mixtures. New studies are focused on exploring these bioactive compounds used in various biological activities such as antiviral, antiplatelet, anticancer, antiatherosclerotic, immunomodulatory effects, inhibitors of 5-alpha reductase activity, and the formulation of fast-dissolving tablets (orodispersible, rapid melts porous). Multidisciplinary programs that integrate traditional and modern technology play a crucial role in the lies ahead expansion of jackfruit as the prospective inception of therapeutic compounds. This review aims to highlight significant results on the identification, production, and bioactivity of metabolites found in jackfruit, with current developments in jackfruit research in the control and prevention of human diseases.

The review article presents the results of studying plants growing on the territory of the State National Natural Park Tarbagatai, on the basis of which it will be possible to develop new medicines. In recent years, the popularity of herbal medicine, despite a great success in the creation of chemical drugs, has been growing. Interest in natural healing substances and drugs created on their basis is increasing due to both the unique properties of herbal remedies and rapidly developing research technologies in biology, medicine, and the production of drugs. The analysis and structuring of literature sources contain some information about herbal medicines, such as Corydalis ledebouriana Kar. et Kir., Malus sieversii, and Daphne altaica Pall. were carried out. They were grown in Asian countries, mainly in China and Kazakhstan. Many Corydalis species are rich in alkaloids that have a positive effect on the central nervous, digestive, cardiovascular, and pituitary-adrenal systems. Malus sieversii has a high antioxidant activity, it can inhibit cancer cell proliferation, reduce lipid oxidation, and lower cholesterol levels according to in vitro studies of animals, which may explain their roles in reducing the risk of chronic diseases. Daphne have a wide range of pharmacological activity, including anticancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-HIV, hypocholesterolemic, neurotrophic, anti-fertile, skin irritant, nematocidal activity, and pesticide activity. Phytopreparations have some advantages such as low toxicity with sufficiently high efficiency, a wide range of therapeutic action, complex organ protective effect, harmonizing effect on all organs and systems of the body, the minimum number of side effects, relative cheapness compared to synthetic drugs, and the possibility of cooking at home. Phytotherapy has some applications such as primary and secondary preventions of various diseases, health improvement, and rehabilitation of the general population under the influence of negative environmental factors, as a means of increasing the adaptive reserves of a healthy body in sports medicine.

BACKGROUND: The main characteristic of today's adolescents in seeking information is through online media. The pattern of their information-seeking behavior is diversified based on socio-demographic factors. The objective of this study is to describe the information-seeking behavior of reproductive health based on socio-demographics among adolescents. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This online-based survey was conducted with a cross-sectional study in 2021 among 438 adolescents 18–24 years of age in Jakarta, Indonesia, by purposive sampling technique. Data were collected by distributing Google forms and analyzed using the Chi-square test. RESULTS: The main source of information media used by adolescents in their daily lives was online media (97. 3%), with Instagram being the highest proportion (66. 0%). Based on education, there were significant differences in preference topics on Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome (HIV-AIDS) and other sexually transmitted diseases (P = 0. 012), reproductive system and puberty (P = 0. 045), source of information from Facebook (P = 0. 034), and source of information from mother (P = 0. 045). Based on parents' income, there was a significant difference in preference topics on child marriage, prevention of pregnancy, and abortion (P = 0. 015). CONCLUSION: There is a need to improve reproductive health promotion by maximizing online media and certain figures along with promotion target mapping based on socio-demographic characteristics.

Parents are primary sex educators of their teenagers and also function as resources for advice and information about sexual decision-making and partner selection. So far, various family-based programs were carried out to prevent HIV infection in young people,however, their findings are contradictory and inconclusive. Therefore, we carried out the current systematic review to critically review the available literature regarding the role of family-based interventions among young people to prevent HIV infection. The available online databases including ISI Web of Science, Scopus, and PubMed were searched systematically up to November 2022. The risk of bias in the eligible studies was examined by two independent authors using the Cochrane Collaboration Risk of Bias tool. A total of 7 studies including 4952 participants were enrolled in the current study. They were conducted between 2006 and 2020. On the basis of the available literature, family-based HIV prevention interventions seem to be effective in terms of improving HIV/AIDS knowledge and also parent–youth communication. It seems that family-based interventions in youth to prevent HIV/AIDS are effective,however, further well-designed studies are needed to help the researchers reach a firm conclusion on this issue. The current systematic review may be used by investigators for future studies in terms of settings and the selection of educational approaches. Moreover, it strongly suggested that further studies investigating the role of family-based education in the prevention of HIV/AIDS utilize more sample size and also a more robust educational framework.

Background: The burden of the COVID-19 pandemic on healthcare systems worldwide has been compromising the progress made in the fight against HIV. This paper aims to determine how the COVID-19 pandemic has impacted HIV comprehensive care service delivery globally as well as to consolidate the evidence and recommendations that may be useful in averting future crisis. Methods: This review adheres to PRISMA guidelines. PubMed, DOAJ, Science Direct and other sources like Google Scholar and citations from included studies were searched methodically to locate studies evaluating the effects of COVID on services for HIV care. The NIH and JBI quality assessment tools were used for the quality assessment of individual studies. Results: In the present review 31 eligible studies were included and the impact on HIV care cascade were summarised under six themes: Lab services, Treatment and allied services, Counselling services, Outreach services, Psycho-social impact and Implementation of sustainable strategies. The studies also presented many innovative alternatives which were lucidly highlighted in the present article. Conclusion: Current evidence depicts multiple factors are responsible for the interruption of HIV care service delivery during the pandemic, especially in low resources settings. The prospective, alternative solutions that have been used to circumvent the threat have also been addressed in this review, in addition to the negative aspects that have been observed. Transition with new innovative, sustainable care paradigms may prove to be the building blocks in removing HIV-AIDS as a public health threat. Registration: Open Science Framework (DOI: 10. 17605/OSF. IO/74GHM).

Healthcare personnel are at risk for occupational exposure to blood borne pathogens, including hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Exposures occur through needle sticks or cutsfrom other sharp instruments contaminated with an infected patient's blood or through conman needle sticks and other cuts can be prevented by using safer techniques(for example, not recapping needles by hand), disposing of used needles in Appropriate sharps disposal containers, and using medical devices with safety features designed to prevent injuries. Using appropriate barriers such as gloves eye and face protection, or gowns when contact with blood is expected canPrevent many exposures to the eyes, nose, mouth, or skin with a patient's blood.This article reviews the status ofthe viral blood-borne pathogens and the continued threat theypose for patients and healthcare workers.

Background & Objectives: Despite the rescuer effect of blood transfusion, transfusion transmitted infections (TTIs) have become one of the challenges of the centers where blood transfusion is practiced & naturally blood transfusion centers. TTIs such as hepatitis B, C & HIV infection are the main safety threats of blood & blood products. The aim of this study was determining the seroprevalence of these infections in Yazd blood donors during 2005-2009.Materials & Methods: In this cross-sectional descriptive study, datas of all blood donors attending stable & mobile settings of Yazd blood transfusion center (119141 donations) were studied (routine data) during 2005-2009.Then the demographic status, results of ELISA & confirmatory tests(if ELISA positive) were analyzed by chi-square test & SPSS13 software program.Results: Among 119141 blood donations, 446 were positive for one of HBSAg, HCVAb or HIVAb confirmatory tests. Prevalence rates of these positive tests were 0.2%, 0.09% & 0.001% respectively. The prevalence rate of all these positive tests among lapsed donors­ (ones who have a history of blood donation) & regular donors (ones who donate blood at least 2 times a year) was 1/10 & 1/32 of first time donors. The prevalence rates of all these positive tests among blood donors attending stable setting was half of those attending mobile settings. Furthermore, with increase in educational level, the prevalence rate of all these positive tests decreased. (p-value<0.001).Conclusion: The prevalence rate of transfusion transmitted viral infections in Yazd blood donors was lower than general population. It emphasizes the importance of interviewing and retrieving past medical records as an easy, inexpensive & reliable screening method for prevention of transfusion transmitted diseases.

The normal range of the platelet count in fetal life is similar to that seen in adulthood , being in the ang 150-400 x109/l.neonatal thrombocytopenia, defined as a platelet count of <150 x109/l is common, with a reported frequency of approximately 0.9% in unselected newborns, and 40% in infants in intensive care units.those arising on a background of an established genetic defect (inherited thrombocytopenia); Those associated with birth (congenital thrombocytopenia).Inherited thrombocytopeniaWiskott_aldrich syndrome, amegakaryocytic thrombocytopenia and thrombocytopenia with absent radii(TAR) where the platelet count is usually very low;Bernard-soulier and chediak –higashi syndrome where there is a marked platelet dysfunction. Disorders with dysfunctional platelets GPIb-V-IXcomplex, Bernard-soulier syndrome, Pseudo-von willebrand disease, Type2B von willebrand,s disease, Montreal platelet syndrome, Gray platelet syndrome, Paris-trousseau syndrome, Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, Wiskott-aldrich syndrome variants (x-linked thrombocytopenia) Disorders without dysfunctional plateletsMay-hegglin anomaly, Alport, s syndrome, Fechtner, s syndrome, Sebastian platelet syndrome, Amegakaryocytic thrombocytopenia, Fanconi, anemia, Trisomy syndromes, Pure genetic thrombocytopeniaCongenital thrombocytopeniaImmune thrombocytopenia, Neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia, Maternal autoimmune thrombocytopenia, Intrauterine infections (TORCH syndromes)Toxoplasmosis, Congenital rubella, Cytomegalovirus, Herpes simplex, Other causes:Estimates of the rates of HIV transmission from mother to newborn range from 20 to 60% depending on the study, Maternal pre-eclampsia, Maternal use of drugs.