Background: Pharmacovigilance (PV) data are crucial for ensuring safety and effectiveness of medicines after drugs have been granted marketing approval. This paper describes the PV systems of India, Uganda and South Africa based on literature and Key Informant (KI) interviews and compares them with the World Health Organization’s (WHO’s) minimum PV requirements for a Functional National PV System.Methods: A documentary analysis of academic literature and policy reports was undertaken to assess the medicines regulatory systems and policies in the three countries. A gap analysis from the document review indicated a need for further research in PV. KI interviews covered topics on PV: structure and practices of the system; current regulatory policy; capacity limitations, staffing, funding and training; availability and reporting of data; and awareness and usage of the systems. Twenty interviews were conducted in India, 8 in Uganda and 11 in South Africa with government officials from the ministries of health, national regulatory authorities, pharmaceutical producers, Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs), members of professional associations and academia. The findings from the literature and KI interviews were compared with WHO’s minimum requirements.Results: All three countries were confronted with similar barriers: lack of sufficient funding, limited number of trained staff, inadequate training programs, unclear roles and poor coordination of activities. Although KI interviews represented viewpoints of the respondents, the findings confirmed the documentary analysis of the literature. Although South Africa has a legal requirement for PV, we found that the three countries uniformly lacked adequate capacity to monitor medicines and evaluate risks according to the minimum standards of the WHO.Conclusion: A strong PV system is an important part of the overall medicine regulatory system and reflects on the stringency and competence of the regulatory bodies in regulating the market ensuring the safety and effectiveness of medications. National PV systems in the study countries needed strengthening. Greater attention to funding is needed to coordinate and sustain PV activities. Our study highlights a need for developing more systematic approaches to regularly monitoring and evaluating PV policy and practices.

The objective of this work is to elucidate various essential drugs in the Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa (BRICS) countries. It discusses the opportunities and challenges of the existing biotech infrastructure and the production of drugs and vaccines in member states of the BRICS. This research is based on a systematic literature review between the years 2000 and 2014 of documents retrieved from the databases Embase, PubMed/Medline, Global Health, and Google Scholar, and the websites of relevant international organizations, research institutions and philanthropic organizations. Findings vary from one member state to another. These include useful comparison between the BRICS countries in terms of pharmaceuticals expenditure versus total health expenditure, local manufacturing of drugs/vaccines using technology and know-how transferred from developed countries, and biotech entrepreneurial collaborations under the umbrella of the BRICS region. This study concludes by providing recommendations to support more of inter collaborations among the BRICS countries as well as between BRICS and many developing countries to shrink drug production costs. In addition, this collaboration would also culminate in reaching out to poor countries that are not able to provide their communities and patients with cost-effective essential medicines.

In 1652 the Dutch travelers coming from the Netherlands took over the Southern lands and. started to spread their sovereignties. In the early 1800's the British Empire claimed the Southern lands as one of her colonies. The Dutch or so named Boers took off towards the north and so it was those both white groups (the British and Dutch) captured the lands of the blacks and fought against the natives for their own sakes. Particularly the British army destroyed the “so said" Zulu Kingdom which was actually the biggest and strongest natives tribe ruling over what is now known as NATAL. Whenever the Boers discovered something new the British attacked and took over it. Whereas the last examples where the great mines of gold and diamond in the Transvaal Area. The Boers of course fought back and that was how the great Anglo-Boer took place. The result was a new democratic republic ruled by both British and the Boers. A strong and later to be advanced country was named "the Republic of South Africa". But the whites still humiliated and exploited the blacks, while using them as hard workers in mines and factories. They were expelled to small town-ships away from technology and civilization. The pressure of the Apartheid and the exploitation of races, especially on the blacks on one hand and international incidents such as black movements in the United States as well as global policy pressures on the White government forced them to accept black votes during the election, hoping that the votes of whites will exceed the blacks. But the result was the other way around.

Due to the important environmental effects on human life and the conflict between the mining process and environmental factors, the enactment of protectionist environmental laws in the mining industry has received extensive attention particularly in countries with high mineral potential. In this regard, this study developed a novel conceptual framework to identify the environmental protection laws in Iran by considering the mining environmental laws and regulations in different countries such as Australia, Chile, India, Turkey, Canada, South Africa, and China. This helps to apply the experiences of the abovementioned countries in resolving similar conflicts in Iran's mining industry. The environmental protection laws were selected based on their legislation background in the field of mining, participation in environmental treaties, success in the field of mining trade, and pioneering in the revision of mining laws. The proposed framework demonstrated that Iran’ s mining environmental laws require revision and more transparency to avoid ambiguity and conflict with mining property laws and governmental rights.

today, research and development and related activities in order to access the modern technology is major industrial activity in the world. Despite the increasing importance of research and development activities in developed countries in the last thirty years, developing countries have recently realized its integral importance. Actually, technology is an output of the research and development factory. The research and development units are infrastructure of technology and the greatest source of innovation. There are Various procedure to achive technology that reverse engineering is one of the most important. (especially in developing countries) In this essay, addition to review the literature of "research and development" and the factors affecting its capabilities, experiences of leading countries in this field (BRICS) will be checked in order to design a conceptual model to assess the research and development capabilities. In the end, we present some pieces of advice to reduce the problems and increase the quality and quantity level of R& D.