Species Pseudomonas aeruginosais a distinguished opportunistic nosocomial bacterium that is commonly dispersed in nature. A pathogen that causes a large range of infections i.e. chronic as well as acute, with considerable levels of mortality and morbidity. Infections of P. aeruginosaare extremely hard to eliminate because of the presence of several virulence determinants as well as the intrinsic resistance against antibiotics. The present study investigated the detection of the virulence genes by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) namely oprLand lasBin the P. aeruginosathat were isolated detection from both human and animal specimens. 120 specimens of P. aeruginosaincluding samples were then collected from hospitals and veterinary laboratories, from which 55 isolates of P. aeruginosawere identified and selected. Pseudomonas aeruginosastrains were present in 40% of animal sample isolates and 86% of human sample isolates. The PCR results showed that oprLgenes were detected in 54.16% of isolates obtained from animal samples and 80.76% of isolates obtained from human samples. While, the lasBgene was present at 58.33% and 92.30% in the isolates obtained from animal and human samples, respectively. Our results also showed the coexistence of both virulence genes in 32.34% of animal sample isolates and 25.10% of human sample isolations. The detection of gene oprLand lasBby the PCR technique can be effectively used for the molecular-level identification of P. aeruginosa. The identification of such virulence genes in P. aeruginosaisolates suggests that these may be linked with varying degrees of the pathogenesis and inherent virulence in this pathogen.

In this work, Pseudomonas aeruginosa was used to produce pyocholin as siderphores compound. This biosynthesis to get this type of siderphorses were performed by force these organisms by some metal ions such as Fe3+, Ni2+, Cd2+, and La3+. The produced siderphoreses were extracted and characterized by FTIR and 1H-NMR. Beside this biosynthesis, the analog siderphorses compound (ethyl (Z)-2-(2-(4-bromobenzylidene) hydrazinyl)-4-methylthiazole-5-carboxylate) was synthesized to study its coordination chemistry with Fe3+, Cd2+, and La2+ by complexation processes. This ligand was synthesized and characterized by FTIR spectroscopy, 1H-NMR spectroscopy, and UV-Vis spectrometry. It was found that the synthesized ligand was a bidentate ligand that was expected geometry as octahedral for the Fe (III) and La (III) complexes while tetrahedral geometry for the Ni (II) and Cd (II) complexes. The importance of the study lies in the creation of compounds capable of mimicking the action of bacterial extracts, which can be applied in several fields including toxic, and heavy metal remediation, iron overload diseases, ẞ thalassemia, iron chelators, anti-malarial, biocontrol agent, and cancer. The synthetic compounds were identified also using IR spectroscopy, 1H-NMR, and UV-Vis spectrometry. This work may contribute to open the door to show the probability using siderphores or their analogues to reduce toxic metals levels, pollutants, and waste of crude oil such as cadmium and mercury in Iraq by microbial organisms.

It is believed that the marine animals contain many compounds that could be beneficial for the treatment of many diseases. In this study, the acetone extract of Stichopus hermanni was fractionated by a liquid chromatography and then fractions were assayed for terpenoids. The fraction C18 that received a positive response for terpenoids was purified further and characterized by the liquid chromatography, mass spectral, and Thin-layer chromatography analysis. A terpenoid compound, squalene, was identified as the constituent of the bioactive extract fraction. Antimicrobial activity of C18-3 was tested against Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi, Proteus vulgaris, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Staphylococcus aureus, and Nocardia brasiliensis pathogens. The lowest MIC and MBC values were observed in the Bacillus cereus (50 µg/mL) and Staphylococcus aureus (500 µg/mL), MIC and MFC the fungal pathogen Candida albicans (400 and 2000 μg/mL) and was cytotoxic against KB/ C152 and HUT-78/C185 cells (IC50 6. 1 μg/mL and 6. 29 μg/mL). This research suggests S. hermanni can be used as an alternative source for the separation and purification of squalene compound as a medicinal supplement.

Given the increase in drug resistance of microorganisms and the tendency in using medicinal plants, the present study was carried out to investigate the chemical compounds of Thymol as a constituent of essential oil and antimicrobial activity against several pathogenic bacteria and its antioxidant activity. In this study, the chemical compounds of Thymol extracted from the two parts of the plant together (the leaves and stems) were performed by making use of gas chromatography and the other gas chromatography linked to the mass spectrograph and its antibacterial activity against Ecoli, Klebsiella, Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus, Salmonella Paratyphi B, Salmonella Typhi typhus and Enterococci through Microdilution and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were investigated. The antioxidant activity of essential oils was measured through the ability of essential oil compounds in decolorizing diphenyl picrilhydrazyl (DPPH) free radicals. Chemical analysis of thyme essential oil resulted in the identification of 23 (83.68%) compounds, which Thymol with 25.30% was considered as the main part of the essential oil compound. The highest inhibitory effect was imposed on Klebsiella, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus, and the largest inhibitory zone diameter of essential oil appeared against growth S. paratyphi B. Concerning the results, total phenol was equal to 114.3 mg of gallic acid.g and IC50 of thyme was considered to be 49.94 μM/ml. The achieved results from this study declared that thyme essential oil had a suitable inhibitory effect against pathogenic bacteria and also possessed antioxidant properties. In other words, thyme was considered as an alternative to synthetic drugs and food additives.

Introduction: The main objective of this study was to determine the chemical composition of the aerial part of the essential oil and the hydrosol extract of Inula viscosa which has never been studied and to compare their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties in vitro. This was done in order to identify new biologically active agents.Materials and Methods: The essential oil and hydrosol extract were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Antimicrobial activity was tested against three bacteria and two fungi. The antioxidant activities were assessed using three different methods: radical scavenging activity (DPPH), the β-carotene bleaching test, and Ferric-Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP). The anti-inflammatory activity was assessed using the protein denaturation method.Results: The essential oil of Inula viscosa was composed mainly of hydrocarbon sesquiterpenes (52.6%) and oxygenated sesquiterpenes (47.0%), while the hydrosol extract was mainly composed of oxygenated sesquiterpenes (86.6%). The results of the biological activities showed that the hydrosol extract exhibited an interesting antioxidant activity, nearly equivalent to the synthetic antioxidant BHT. Furthermore, the hydrosol extract displayed very good anti-inflammatory activity, with an IC50 of 0.51 g/L, in comparison to diclofenac sodium (IC50 = 0.63 g/L). The hydrosol extract also exhibited antimicrobial activity and acted as an effective inhibitor of Bacillus cereus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida ATCC 26960, and Candida ATCC 10231 microorganisms.Conclusions: The hydrosol extract of I. viscosa make this specie a potential alternative natural for use in the food and pharmaceutical industries. It can be utilized in the treatment of diseases involving oxidative stress as well as in the treatment of microbial and inflammatory infections.

Bacteriocins are a kind of antimicrobial peptides that kill or inhibit the growth of bacterial strains. The purpose of this study was to investigate the antibacterial effect of Serratia marcescens on several pathogenic bacterial strains. Bacteriocin produced by S. marcescens was purified by chromatography with Sephadex G-75 column, and its antibacterial effect on gram-negative bacteria, including Escherichia coli ATCC 700928, Pseudomonas aeruginosa PTCC 1707, S. marcescens PTCC 1621, Vibrio fischeri PTCC 1693, and Vibrio harveyi PTCC 1755, were evaluated by the disk diffusion method. The structure of bacteriocin was determined by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The interaction of bacteriocin with the antigen 43 (Ag43) of E. coli was evaluated by the molecular docking method. Bacteriocin extracted from bacterial isolates had antibacterial activity on E. coli strains but not on other studied strains. Bioinformatics analysis also showed bacteriocin docking with Ag43 with an energy of -159.968 kJ/mol. Natural compounds, such as bacteriocin, can be an alternative to common chemical compounds and antibiotics. To reach a definite conclusion in this regard, there is a need for further research and understanding of their mechanism of action.

To investigate the inoculation effect of Pseudomonas fluorescens and native mycorrhizal fungus on growth, morphological characteristics and essential oil percentage of Thymus kotschyanus Boiss. & Hohen., an experiment was conducted in a Randomized Complete Block Design with 5 treatments and 3 replications in Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands. Understudied treatments were included as Pseudomonas fluorescens, P. fluorescens and Rhizophagus clarus, P. fluorescens and Funneliformis badium, P. fluorescens and Acaulospora laevis, and control. According to the results, all treatments had a positive effect on thyme growth and P. fluorescens treat had the most essential oil percent. The results showed that all treatments had a significant effect on root volume, with the highest one in the treatment of F. badium and P. fluorescens (36.25 ml). The highest mean weight of dry and fresh root and dry plant belonged to A. laevis and P. fluorescens (p≤ 0.05) (, 13 g, 6.9 g and 32.25 g). This result confirms the synergistic relationship between P. fluorescens and A. laevis. The most amount of colonization was observed in R. clarus and P. fluorescens (94.9%). The results indicated that the synergistic intraction between P. fluorescens and native mycorrhizal fungus has different effects on morphological traits of this medicinal plant and these findings can be used to enhance the growth and yield of T. kotschyanus for organic production.

About 50 isolates (83%) of Escherichia coli were identified from 60 stool sample, and 30 examined bacteria formed biofilm. ZnO NPs was synthesized by E. coli and a white cluster pellet appeared, followed by observing absorption peak of UV-Vis. spectroscopy at 268 nm. XRD pattern showed the lattice planes of 100, 002, 101, 102, 110, 103 and 112 compatible to the 2θ values of 32.45°, 34.73°, 36.56°, 47.70°, 55.86°, 62.12°and 63.10° respectively, and the diffraction peaks were assigned with the hexagonal phase, while SEM images exhibited that size of the particles ranged between 31.55-45.9 nm. ZnO NPs displayed antibacterial potentiality against pathogenic bacteria, and inhibition zones around ZnO NPs were as follows: 5, 4, 2, 2, and 2 mm for Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Acinetobacter baumannii, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and E. coli respectively. In addition, ZnO NPs was able to decrease biofilm, revealing that after 48 h of incubation, inhibition percentage were 18.6, 27.7, 39.4, and 19.6 % against S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, A. baumannii, and K. pneumoniae, respectively. A549 cells viability was decreased by elevating the concentration of ZnO NPs, and the IC50 values of the A549 and WRL cells were 105.8 and 167.3 µg mL-1 respectively. In this study, the synthesized ZnO NPs using nonpathogenic E.coli showed antibacterial, antibiofilm and anticancer activities against the examined pathogenic bacteria. So, these nanoparticles can be further used in biomedical, pharmaceutical and other applications as an effective antimicrobial and anti-cancerous agent.

The present study aimed at the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles by using aloe Vera leaves extract. Silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) synthesized by the green method have shown several applications such as biomedical, anticancer, etc. Measurement of the size of silver nanoparticles by AFM (showing an average diameter of 54 nm), XRD and FE-SEM analyses. Four different concentrations (25, 50, 100, and 200 µg/ml) were prepared from the synthesized Ag NPs and examined for their antibacterial efficacy against both E.coli Furthermore, Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Cytotoxicity was evaluated using MTT assays on (TCP -1013) cancer cell lines. As shown by the results, Ag NPs inhibit bacterial growth over the concentration range evaluated. High cytotoxicity against the investigated cancer cell line was also seen with all doses of Ag NPs tested, corroborating the antibacterial activity findings. There was a dosage relationship between Ag NPs antibacterial and anticancer properties.

In search for bioactive products, three zoanthid species (Zoanthus spp., Palythoa tuberculosa and Palythoa mutuki) were collected from offshore zone of Hengam Island. Three extracts of each zoanthids (methanol, dichloromethane (DCM) and n-hexane) were tested for antifungal and antibacterial activities against certified strains of bacteria (two Gram-positive: Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus and three Gram-negative: Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus vulgaris) and fungi (Candida albicans, Microsporum gypseum, Microsporum canis) through the disk diffusion assay. Cytotoxic activity of these extracts was evaluated against Artemia nauplii. The results showed that 8 extracts (88. 88%) of the zoanthids were active against at least one bacterial strain and 6 extracts (66. 6%) were active against at least one fungus (the activity against bacteria was moderate). Also, minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of the extracts with desirable (inhibition zone more than 9mm) in the previous stage were assessed. Among the 9 zoanthids extract, 88. 88% showed activity against some of the five bacteria, and 66. 6% showed activity against some of the three fungi. The most active zoanthid extract against three fungi was dichloromethane extract of the Zoanthus ssp. that showed promising antifungal activity against Candida albicans in vitro models. The minimum inhibitory concentrations and LC50 values of dichloromethane extract of Zoanthus ssp were 125μg/mL and 181μg/mL, respectively. Therefore, this extract can be a candidate for candidiasis therapy. LC50 of DCM, crude extract of Palythoa mutuki was 31µg/ml, showing high toxicity. This is the first report of biological activities of marine zoanthids from an Iranian Island of Persian Gulf.