Study of separation zone is so important in right-angled three-branch or four-branch open channel junctions. Some effective parameters in this case are inlet discharge ratio and flow depth which in this research the effect of inlet discharge ratio and weir height ratios (flow depth) on flow pattern and dimensions of separation zone has been simulated numerically. Investigation of numerical results showed that k-ω model well validated with experimental results and had good agreement, so that simulation error was less than 20%. Dimensions of separation zone in main and side channels were directly proportional with the inlet discharge ratio. Also as increases of height ratio of outlet weirs, flow depth increases and separation zone dimensions decreased. According to the analysis of numerical results, dimensions of separation zone in vertical direction, of the channel bed to water surface increased, so that for discharge ratio 0.6 and height ratio of outlet weirs 0.377, length of separation zone at the channel bed, 0.1 m up the bed and water surface was about 60 cm, 75 cm and 85 cm, respectively. So of the water surface towards the channel bed, length of separation zone decreased about %29.

The issue of the relationship between reason and transmission and the realm of priority and posteriority and their types of functions from the perspective of Sheikh Mofid has been explored in this study by an analytical-descriptive method. The results of the research show that Sheikh Mofid specifies the role of being a light, miṣ bā h, and also supports the interactive role of reason. In defining reason, he has dealt with both its theoretical and practical aspects. Sheikh Mufid, like the Mu'tazilites, considers religious knowledge to be acquired, but they leave the necessity of opinion because of the Divine command, not reason. He considers reason as being in need to revelation in all stages of reasoning and conclusion. In other words, revelation is both the first stimulus of the intellect and teaches the oblige, mukallaf, the quality of reasoning. Sheikh Mufid used reason in jurisprudence, unlike the people of hadith, but this did not cause him to accept feqhi analogy.

دکارت می کوشد با به کارگیری راهکار شک و به یاری روش تحلیل، نخست هستی خود را اثبات کند و سپس چیستی «خود» را در مقام جوهر اندیشنده معلوم سازد. او پس از روشن کردن تکلیف «خود» در دو تأمل نخست است که از ره گذر تصورات واضح و متمایزی که از «دیگری» (اعم از خداوند و موجودات دیگر) در خود می یابد، دربارة هستی و چیستی «دیگری » حکم صادر می کند. او سرانجام، با استفاده از حقایق مکشوف با نور طبیعی عقل است که به سراغ اصول تنظیم کنندۀ مناسبات با دیگری می رود. اما پاسکال در ضمن اعتراف به عدم امکان کشف «خود» از طریق درون نگری، فرآیند ابتکاری دکارت در تأملات را وارونه می سازد و کشف «خود» را در گرو رابطه اش با «دیگری» و متأخر از آن می داند. بدین ترتیب سوژۀ اندیشندۀ آزاد و خودآیین دکارتی که «دیگری» را جز در مقام متعلق شناخت خود به رسمیت نمی شناسد و هستی و چیستی «دیگری» را در گرو تصوری می پندارد که «خود» از او دارد، درست در برابر انسان مجبور و دگرآیین پاسکالی قرار می گیرد که هستی و چیستیِ خود او نیز بر دو محور پیش و پس از هبوط، از سویی، و پیش و پس از دریافت فیض الهی، از دیگر سو، وابسته است که در هیچ کدام ارادة آدمی مطلقا نقشی ندارد. تنها تغییر وضعیت وی پیش و پس از دریافت فیض الهی، در تجربۀ نحوه های متفاوتی از دگرآیینی و عدم امکان تجربۀ هر گونه خودآیینی است و سرانجام، تنظیم مناسبات با «دیگری» نیز تنها در پرتو ارجاع به یک «ابردیگری» که خداوند باشد میسر می گردد.

Identification of population ratio disruption in the population structure is one of the challenges that every country faces. Population aging is a kind of demographic abnormality that lack of attention causes population problems. A timely warning about the aging of society can be useful for planning about having children on the one hand and providing suitable facilities for the elderly on the other hand. For example, the capital of Japan is a good example of an urban environment suitable for the elderly.One of the anomaly detection tools is spatial clustering using scan statistics. In the last three decades, the scan statistic method has been a very important and active field in statistical research. Identifying areas on geographic maps, where the concentration of points (elderly, sick, criminals, certain animal species, etc.) is significant, is important in many fields such as epidemiology, politics, criminology, zoology, and so on. With the help of scan statistic method, spatial clusters can be identified.In this article, we introduce the scan statistic method based on Poisson distribution. Using simulation, we investigate the efficiency of this method in identifying spatial clusters. Based on the results obtained from the simulation, the Poisson scan statistic method is a suitable method for detecting anomalies in the count spatial data. As an application of spatial clustering, we consider the population structure of the state of Georgia and identify areas where the elderly population is significantly high. These areas should be prioritized in the implementation of population reform programs.

The aim of this paper is to study distribution of ratios of generalized order statistics from pareto distribution. parameter estimation of Pareto distribution based on generalized order statistics and ratios of them have been obtained. Inferences using method of moments and unbiased estimator have been obtained to develop point estimations. Consistency of unbiased estimator has been illustrated.To compare the performances of the employed methods, numerical results have been computed. Ilustrative example using real data is also given.

Given the manufacturer's obligation to meet expectations and financial constraints, monitoring a large number of quality characteristics with a limited sample size poses a significant challenge for researchers in statistical quality control. According to recent research, multivariate charts based on double sampling are developed under the assumption that the number of quality characteristics is less than the sample size. The objective of this paper is to monitor the dispersion matrix of high-dimensional processes using a combination of the ridge penalized likelihood ratio statistic and double sampling method. To evaluate the performance of the proposed chart, we first introduce seven out-of-control scenarios, which include three combined diagonal/non-diagonal patterns, two diagonal patterns, and two non-diagonal patterns. We then extract the run length properties and the expected value of the sample size associated with the proposed chart through simulation experiments. The simulation results indicate that, across all three pattern categories mentioned, the proposed chart's sensitivity in detecting disturbances in the covariance matrix improves as the magnitude of shifts in its components increases. The simulation results further indicate that as the number of components influenced by the assignable cause in the covariance matrix decreases, the proposed control chart can detect process disturbances over a longer period.

Introduction The exponential distribution, because of its memoryless, has a central rule in reliability theory and survival analysis. But, this distribution is not a suitable model to fit the data sets in practical situations due to its constant hazard rate function. For this reason, some generalizations of the exponential distribution exist in the literature. The generalized exponential distribution is introduced by adding a shape parameter to the exponential distribution via the exponentiated method. This distribution admits both increasing and decreasing hazard rate function. For more information on the generalized exponential distribution and its applications, one can refer to Gupta and Kundu (2007) and Nadarajah (2011). Comparisons of parallel systems with two independent heterogeneous exponential components are studied extensively in the literature. Boland et al. (١, ٩, ٩, 4) proved that the hazard rate order between two parallel systems holds under the majorization order between the vectors of the hazard rate parameters. This result is extended to the likelihood ratio order by Dykstra et al. (1997). In this direction, Zhao and Balakrishnan (2012) obtained some characterization results concerning the hazard rate and likelihood ratio orders using the p-larger and weak majorization orders between the hazard rate parameters vectors. Yan et al. (2012) established sufficient conditions to compare two parallel systems in the hazard rate and likelihood ratio orders. The present work provides a sufficient condition to compare parallel systems comprising two independent heterogeneous generalized exponential components in the likelihood ratio order. Material and Methods The comparison of essential characteristics associated with lifetimes of technical systems is an exciting topic in reliability theory since it usually enables us to approximate complex systems with simpler systems and subsequently obtain various bounds for important ageing characteristics of the complex system. A convenient tool for this purpose is the theory of stochastic orderings. Results and Discussion Consider two parallel systems with their component lifetimes following a generalized exponential distribution. In this paper, based on existing shape and scale parameters included in the distribution of one of the systems, we introduce a region such that if the vector of scale parameters of another parallel system lies in that region, then the likelihood ratio ordering between the two systems hold. An extension of this result is also presented for the case when the lifetimes of components follow exponentiated Weibull distribution. Conclusion In this paper, based on the shape and scale vectors of parameters involved in the lifetime distribution of a parallel system consisting of two independent heterogeneous generalized exponential components, a region is obtained such that if the scale vector of parameters of another parallel system lies in this region, then the likelihood ratio order between systems holds.

This paper presents a new estimator for the speech enhancement using codebook. Codebook-based speech enhancement method separates the noise and speech from each other and synthesizes the enhanced speech signal by optimally selecting the speech codebook indexes. This method can enhance the noisy speech with signal to noise ratio of less than zero decibel. In this method it is very important to select the correct codebook indexes. Therefore, in this paper, the maximum likelihood estimator is proposed for speech and noise by applying auditory quality-enhancing weights. The relation of this estimator is also used as a distance function in the design of codebooks. This method is simulated for different speakers and noises. The results show the proposed maximum likelihood estimator leads to better speech enhancement than the euclidean distance estimator. The proposed method is also more successful in dealing with non-stationary or stationary noises and negative or positive SNRs than other methods. The cost of the superior quality enhancement in this method is the requirement to a relatively time-consuming signal processing.