پژوهش حاضر با هدف الگوی عوامل موثر بر رعایت اخلاق پژوهش به عنوان یکی از مولفه های دانشگاه اخلاق گرا با رویکرد سنتزپژوهشی انجام شد. این پژوهش از لحاظ هدف کاربردی و با روش سنتزپژوهشی انجام گرفته است. جامعه آماری این تحقیق، همه مطالعات داخلی و خارجی انجام شده در بین سالهای 1385 الی 1403 است. در این راستا 78 اسناد و مقالات مرتبط با موضوع موردنظر ارزیابی و درنهایت 22 پژوهش به صورت هدفمند انتخاب شد و با تحلیل محتوا و ترکیب ادبیات مربوط، درمجموع 60 کد محوری و 10 مقوله کلی طی فرایند ترکیب نظام مند متون شناسایی و مورد تحلیل قرار گرفت و اعتبار آن از طریق آزمون کاپای کوهن تأیید گردید. نتایج یافته ها نشان داد که عوامل فردی ( شخصیت اخلاقی پژوهشگر، صداقت پژوهشگر، باورهای دینی پژوهشگر وتامین مالی پژوهشگر) عوامل درون دانشگاهی(حمایت، سازوکار قانونی و عوامل اداری آموزشی) و عوامل برون دانشگاهی(فرهنگ سازی، حاکمیت ارزش ها و تدوین سیاست های تعاملی پژوهش) در ارتقای اخلاق پژوهش در دانشگاه اخلاق گرا تاثیر گذار است.

The followers of the divine command theory regard ethics as completely dependent on religion and do not regard a meaning and reality for it beyond the divine command and countermand. On the other hand, the followers of secular ethics view ethics as prior and superior to religion, and at least consider moral values as an independent meaning and reality. In the meantime, some theorists of Islamic thought, despite the rejection of the theory of the divine command, believe in religious ethics and deem religion consisting of ethics. The chosen theory is that ethics is the same as religion and religion is the same as ethics, and despite the inaccuracy of divine command theory, there is a reading of religious ethics that is superior to secular ethics in all semantic, ontological, epistemological, and psychological aspects.

Background: Recently ethics of care has been one of approaches which has being discussed and developed its theoretical basis by nursing ethical theorists. The aim of this article is to introduce this approach and its entry to nursing.Methods: This study was descriptive - analytical study that was conducted cross-sectional in 2015. The data gathering tool was a questionnaire consisted of three parts: demographic information, Quranic Intimacy questionnaire and a test of mental health. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS version 19 software and Pearson correlation test, t-test and ANOVA.Results: The article has been divided to sections includes introduction, introduction to history of ethics of medicine, ethics of care and ethics of care in nursing. Care has been defined as a sense of being worry and feeling empathy for someone and to be commitment about him. Care of ethics has begun as a feministic movement and emphasized care as a feministic virtue which can be used for being commitment about others. Care of ethics unless teleological and deontological views is context based, objective, and emotion based. In the recent years, nursing ethical theorist has been attentive to this approach. The article discusses the current knowledge and the forward way to the development of a unique care of ethics in nursing.Conclusion: Nowadays ethical theorists in nursing have not accepted ethics of care as a dominant ethical approach for nursing but for creating a more professional independency, it has been discussed as a complement for current ethical approaches used in nursing ethics.

Background and Objective: In realm of medical ethics, four major areas namely, philosophy, medicine, theology and law must be considered. The aim of medical ethics is to resolve the ethical problems, which is due to the specific medical practice and research in biology.Analysis of ethical concepts is essential for addressing of medical ethics.To achieve this goal, understanding the fundamental principles of ethics and philosophy is basic and a fundamental step. In fact, physicians are not philosopher and sociologist of religion or not a lawyer, thus need to philosophical and religious ethic cognition. Lack of such topics on medical ethics is the important factor in writing this article.Conclusion: By reviewing reliable sources, the basics and philosophy of ethics were surveyed in order to answer the following questions: 1- What are the moral definitions.2- What is the origin of ethical commands? Nature, reason, society, human nature, conscience or the will of God, 3- What is the concept of good and bad or good and ugly.4- Are moral sentences essay or news? In other words, moral sentences are forged or are discovered.5- What is the criterion of moral practice? Duty, results, profits and interest, praise others, pleasure, virtue.6- What are the conditions of the moral responsibility.7- What are the valuable elements of a moral action?

According to our terminology, the mechanism people follow in moral judgments, which is far from the sayings and rules of moral philosophers, is folk morality. Above all, people in moral judgments regard human moral capacity and do not expect full morality of any one. People suppose that perfect moral life is an ideal which is beyond human abilities. This hidden presupposition forms the foundation of human moral behavior. On the other hand, it seems that the moral systems originating from moral philosophy have been constructed a priori and, assuming a perfect man, they expect people to become such a person. It seems that it is necessary for moral philosophers to change their way and begin speculation with respect to people’s moral capacities. In this paper, we argue that minimal ethical speculation increases the level of morality in society. The basis of this turn is new progresses and findings in the field of psychology and the connection between psychology and moral philosophy; a connection which will be more and more important for moral philosophers parallel to scientific progresses. Of course, this is an immature idea and therefore confronts with some critiques.

This article seeks to deal with morality or moral philosophy (ethics) as viewed by Kant, one of the greatest philosophers in the west. According to Kant, scientific natural science contains within itself a priori synthetic judgments without which it cannot be called "science". Synthetic a priori judgments are necessary and universal judgments upon which all sciences are based. Thus, morality (ethics) as a science contains in itself a priori synthetic judgments like 'we ought to tell the truth'. This 'ought to' dose not result from any particular facts we experience at a particular time. In other words, our judgments come from our reason, not from the objects we experience. Kant says that knowledge generally consists of a form and a substance. Substance, according to Kant, comes to our mind from the external world and form is something our minds impose upon the matter, so every human being inevitably thinks about things in accordance with the natural structure of the mind, and by virtue of these human beings can justify the necessary and universal laws in sciences. In his view, rational knowledge is of two kinds: material and formal. Formal knowledge is what he calls formal or transcendental logic and material knowledge itself which deals with a subject is of two kinds: natural philosophy and moral philosophy (ethics). Both natural sciences and ethics have one empirical aspect and one a priori aspect. The a priori aspect of ethics is called pure ethics or moral philosophy. For Kant moral philosophy serves to justify or account for the necessity and universality of moral judgments. In other words, moral philosophy serves to make a distinction between the a priori elements and the objects of experience and to examine what accounts for the acceptance of a priori elements, i.e., how one can achieve certain binding rules or principles concerning human behavior (conduct). Kant offers certain rules and principles through which one can recognize the necessary and universal principles in ethics.