IntroductionLand suitability analysis and land use mapping are one of the most practical applications of Geographic Information Systems in land resource management. Complexities in soil have briefly limited studies on how it functions (Karlen, 2008). There are many methods from different centers including food and agriculture organizations (FAO), to evaluate land suitability. These methods are based on the characteristics of the land and the needs of the plant. Soil quality indicators are a set of measurable soil characteristics that affect crop production or the environment and are sensitive to land use change, management or conservation operations. (Brejda, 2000; Aparico and Costa, 2007). As a result, there is a global need for environmental issues, improvement of soil quality assessment methods for sustainable agricultural development and recognition of the sustainability of soil management and land use systems. Until now, various methods have been used to collect data, measure and evaluate soil quality, and laboratory analysis is the most common method, which has the advantage of being easy to use and characterizing and the quantitative characteristics of the test on different soil quality indicators (and Wang, 1998 Gong). Criteria for soil quality indicators should be a set of physical, chemical, biological characteristics or a combination of them (Doran and Parkin, 1997).Materials and MethodsIn the present study, the qualitative assessment of land suitability was investigated using fuzzy and parametric hierarchical analysis process models for the irrigated wheat and alfalfa crops. Soil characteristics, climatic conditions, topography and accessibility were selected based on the Food and Agriculture Organization framework and expert opinions. The interpolation function was used to plot values to points in terms of quality/ terrain characteristics for the type of operation and the evaluation was performed based on parametric and fuzzy analytical hierarchy process models. The process of evaluation is based on the FAO qualitative land evaluation system (FAO 1976a, b, 1983, 1985), which compares climatic conditions and land qualities/characteristics including topography, erosion hazard, wetness, soil physical properties, soil fertility, and chemical properties, soil salinity and alkalinity with each specific crop requirements developed by Sys et al. (1991a, b, 1993). Based on morphological and physical/chemical properties of soil profiles some 10 land units were identified in the study area.Climate data related to different stages of wheat growth were taken from ten years of meteorological data of the region (2007-2017) and the climatic requirements of the crop were extracted from the Table developed by (Sys et al., 1993). An interpolation technique using the ArcGIS ver 10.3 helped in managing the spatial data and visualizing the land index results in both models for preparing the final land suitability evaluation maps. The FAHP method and (Chang, 1996) method, which is a very simple method for generalizing the hierarchical analysis process to the fuzzy space, was used in order to assign weight to the criteria through. This method is based on computational mean of the experts’ opinion and the time normalization method and the use of triangular fuzzy numbers. A pairwise comparison matrix has been made fuzzy based on the experts’ opinion and using the triangular fuzzy numb. After calculating the weights of the criteria in the present research through the FAHP method, the entire criteria maps were overlaid through the use of the GIS function and the suitability maps were prepared for the main criteria. The main suitability maps went through weight overlaying eventually and the final map of suitability for wheat and alfalfa cultivation was produced. Results and DiscussionThe results of this study showed that the FAHP was an efficient strategy to increase the accuracy of weight allocation to criteria that affect the analysis of ground fit. The inability of conventional decision-making methods to account for uncertainty paves the way for the use of fuzzy decision-making methods. One of the drawbacks of the AHP is its inability to account for the uncertainty of judgments in pairwise comparison matrices. This defect is compensated by the FAHP method. Instead of considering a specific number in a pairwise comparison, a range of values in the FAHP is used for uncertainty for decision makers. The present research method can be useful for prioritizing lands, improving exploitation, conserving resources, and creating sustainable management. The results of this study, considering the main criteria of cultivation in the study area and the opinion of domestic experts, can provide useful insights into choosing the appropriate cultivation pattern in the region. The use of different fuzzy AHP methods as well as comparing the results of different fuzzy AHP methods in future research is recommended.

In this paper, VIKOR model is used to rank seven flood management options in Gorganrood River, including: conservation of natural condition, Golestan reservoir management, levee construction, diversions-channel construction, flood forecasting and warning system, flood insurance, and integration of flood warning system and flood insurance. Then it is compared with the result of simple additive weighted model. The flood management project is ranked based on eleven criteria including: expected average number of casualties, recovery rate, gradual rate, expected annual damage, safety feeling, employment rate, public participation, landscape protection, wildlife habitat conservation, water quality conservation and technical feasibility and performance. The results show that VIKOR model emphasize economical, technical and social criteria by decreasing the maximum group utility. On the other hand, increasing the maximum group utility will increase sensitivity of VIKOR model against its parameter. This model has less sensitivity to changes in criteria weights but not in economical and technical criteria. VIKOR model due to emphasizing social criteria is recommended for ranking flood management options in this article.

Background and Objective Decision-making, includes the correct statement of purposes, determination of different and possible solutions, assessment of their possibility, evaluation of the consequences of implementing each solution, and finally, selection and implementation. Quality of management, is essentially dependent to the quality of decision-making. In most cases, decision-making is desirable and satisfactory for decision maker, when decision making is studied according to several criteria. Criteria may be quantitative or qualitative. In multi criteria decision making methods, which are taken into consideration in recent decades, several criteria are used instead of one, to measure optimality. Decision-making, is difficult and complicated in environmental projects,the necessity for balance existence between socio-economic, environmental, ecological and economic factors in these project, makes it more difficult to manage and make decision in this area. In multi-criteria decision-making models (MCDM), multiplicity of criteria, the complexity of the data and environmental dynamism are among the factors which convert decision-making, into a challenge in recent decades. Materials and Methods This research was a review study using library resources and related sites, along with introduction of decision making process and terms. Discussion and Conclusion Multi-criteria decision-making methods used in environmental projects have been explained. The conceptual model of compensatory methods was presented along with their application. Results Finally, a summary of environmental projects that can be covered by decision-making models and used models in each project, was presented.

In determining the allocation of water resources, the probable conditions of water resources and water demands are considered as the water allocation scenarios in the basin scale. Then, these scenarios are evaluated in the context of integrated water resources management and from the perspective of sustainable development indicators. The best scenario is selected in order to determine the water allocations. In these evaluations, there are spatial distributions and their interactions are simultaneously the key charaterictics in the decision matrix. These features are not often considered in the evaluation process. In the present study, distributed indicators and simple and integrated multi-criteria evaluation models, including ANP and CP methods, were used to evaluate the water allocation scenarios in the Aras Basin. The results showed that modeling of the spatial distribution and interactions of water allocation impacts was not possible through any of the simple multi-criteria evaluation methods. Simplifying and discarding one or two key features in the evaluation process can lead to significant uncertainties on rankings with a Spearman coefficient of-0. 1. By implementing the integrated spatial decision-making approach and applying two features simultaneously, the fourth scenario was ranked first. The proposed approach was compared with the individual models, showing more accurate, with the correlation coefficients of 0. 5, 0. 6 and 0. 7...

Finding the right public parking lot for car parking is one of the major problems for citizens. Drivers spend a lot of time and distance finding the right public parking lot, which increases traffic, air pollution, fuel consumption, driver fatigue and confusion. In this regard, this article attempts to improve the process of parking searches and routing for citizens by providing a mobile GIS-based application. The location-aware program consists of three main modules, including two local parking management modules and comprehensive web-based parking management and a mobile-based parking locator module. The local parking management and comprehensive parking management modules collect information about each parking lot and transfer it to the Parking Finder module. Citizens can get the most appropriate parking and access path by prioritizing any of the criteria found in the Parking Finder module. The program was used to improve the routing of the park in Yazd. Then, a survey of 55 citizens using the system to find parking was conducted to evaluate the proposed plan. Survey results show that 36. 4% of participants used the program more than 10 times a month and more in the afternoon (63. 6%) and on weekends (20%). It has also reduced the time spent searching (54. 5% less than 10 minutes and 16. 4% more than 15 minutes) and increased the efficiency of using parking systems in Yazd. Introduction: Finding the right public parking lot for car parking is one of the major problems for citizens. Drivers spend a great deal of time and distance finding the right public parking lot, which increases traffic, air pollution, fuel consumption, driver fatigue and confusion. On the other hand, the growing population of cities, especially in tourist areas, has led to the issue of finding a suitable parking spot and finding a lot of attention due to the lack of adequate parking lots and lack of adequate parking information. At the city level, this is facing many problems. Many cities are currently developing location-aware parking systems using ICT. These systems combine telecommunications, geographic information systems (GIS) and global positioning systems (GPS) to make parking information accessible to drivers when needed and the most effective way to navigate the empty spaces of parking lots. Designed as web applications, these systems are available from mobile devices or personal computers (laptops). The main task of these applications is to select the most suitable parking lot based on the evaluation of available parking lots. To this end, these systems combine a set of criteria that affect the selection of a parking lot with the weight of each parking lot, using Multi-criteria Location Decision Analysis (GIS-MCDA). Introduce the largest parking lot. Methodology: The proposed citizen-centered parking system consists of three main functional areas: local parking management, comprehensive parking management, and a functional parking lot. The information recorded in the local parking database is transmitted online to the comprehensive parking management system database and is provided through the embedded web services to the parking finder application to provide location and descriptive services. Results and discussion: In this article, systems are designed and implemented as a mobile based application to service drivers to determine the most appropriate parking and access path. The program is made up of three main application areas, identifying the current location of each user and utilizing mobile device positioning technology, combining user-specific preferences to fit each of the criteria in the application. Provides the most secure parking. After applying weight and determining the importance of each of the existing criteria by the drivers, the proposed program introduces the most suitable parking lot among the available parking lots using WLC Multi-criteria Decision Analysis. The route to the desired parking lot is displayed on the map as text, audio and graph. Showing the shortest route to the parking lot can be very useful for drivers in busy traffic and busy hours, preventing additional routes and increasing traffic. In order to evaluate the proposed program, 55 users of the questionnaire program were prepared in the form of 5 questions. The first question relates to how often the program is used during a month. 20 participants (36. 4%), more than 10 times a month and more in the afternoon (35 people, 63. 6%) and weekends (11%, 20%) of this program to find out They have used parking. This indicates that people in Yazd are facing severe parking problems at certain times of the day due to the increased traffic and intra-city traffic, and this program can be very useful and effective in finding suitable parking. Conclusion: This article proposes a citizen-centered parking tracking system to improve parking search and routing in Yazd city. The innovative program combines instant parking information with drivers' personal preferences using mobile features to provide the most appropriate parking and accessibility. The program consists of three main application sections, two of which are web-based and one mobile-application. The web applications section is used by parking officials and the general manager of parking lots, and information about each parking lot is stored and recorded at any time. The mobile application segment is used by drivers and receives instant parking information online. In addition, this section shows the most suitable parking and the route of access to each driver, by prioritizing the criteria in the program through each driver. Implementation of this proposed city-wide program has shown that time spent searching for parking spaces has been significantly reduced, saving drivers time and money. Using this program also allows drivers to find the best parking in terms of distance, cost and number of vacancies by registering minimal information on their mobile phones. Providing parking location and access can also help drivers in busy city hours. However, in this research, no analysis has been conducted on the level of simplicity and usability of this system by citizens.

Qaen City is the administrative and political center of Qaenat County in south Khorasan province. Since the use of land is without consideration of ecological potential in addition to environmental degradation, it will also be diverted from sustainable development. Therefore, it is necessary to determine the ecological capabilities of the city for its urban development. This research was conducted with the aim of determining suitable locations for urban development in the Qaen City, South Khorasan Province. For this purpose, using multi-criteria decision making methods (MCDM), the weighted linear combination method was chosen due to the possibility of standardization and assigning different weights to the criteria and in geographic information system based on observations of the natural environment (6 criteria), city ecological potential was evaluated within the limits of the city's final privacy. The results indicate that From a total of 225. 12 square kilometers, the area of study area, 50. 21 square kilometers is suitable for urban development And 7. 26 square kilometers of moderate proportion and 1. 95 square kilometers have a small proportion of urban development And an area of 165/7 square kilometers was considered inappropriate for the development of the Qaen City, and has no urban development capability.