پژوهشِ حاضر از منظرِ روش شناسی کیفی به بررسی تفاوت‎های موجود در نوعِ موسیقی مصرفی جوانان شهر تهران و تفسیر ایشان از آن می‎پردازد. جهتِ فهمِ جامعه شناسانۀ تفاوت‎های مصرفِ موسیقی جوانان این موضوع از رهگذرِ سرمایۀ فرهنگی_ که عاملانِ اجتماعی با توجه به جایگاه اجتماعی شان آن را کسب کرده‎اند،_ مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. با توجه به داده‎های متنی پژوهش، پژوهشگران از میان روش های کیفی روشِ تحلیلِ محتوای کیفی را انتخاب کرده‎اند. داده های پژوهش از طریقِ مصاحبۀ نیمه ساخت یافته با مشارکت کنندگانِ پژوهش گردآوری شده است. با توجه به اهدافِ پژوهش جریانِ انتخاب مشارکت کنندگان بر مبنای نمونه گیری هدفمند صورت یافته است. پژوهشِ حاضر تفاوت‎هایی که میان کنشگرانِ جوانِ با سرمایۀ فرهنگی متفاوت در حوزۀ مصرفِ موسیقی و تفسیر آن وجود دارد را در قالبِ مفاهیم و مقولاتی نشان داده است. این مفاهیم و مقولات عبارت‎اند از: 1. ذائقۀ تربیت شده و ذائقۀ حسی 2. هارمونی و شوریدگی 3. رهنمون‎های مذهبی: مواجۀ نقدآمیز و مواجۀ طردآمیز 4. شنیدن ناشنیدنی ها و دیدن نادیدنی ها و 5- بخشی از ما. نتایج پژوهشِ حاضر نشان می‎دهد، مادامی که کنشگرانِ اجتماعی در سطحِ بالایی از سرمایۀ فرهنگی قرار دارند، در زمینۀ مصرفِ موسیقی به سمت نوعی فرهنگ گرایی رغبت و گرایش دارند. اما در نقطۀ مقابل کسانی که سرمایۀ فرهنگی به میزان اندکی در اختیار دارند به طبیعت نزدیکتر هستند. به عبارتی، ایشان قادر نیستند خود را وارد کدهایی کنند که با آن بتوانند موسیقی هایی نظیر سنتی، کلاسیک غربی یا موسیقی باروک را بازشناسی کنند. بنابراین از دو مفهومِ محوری فرهنگ‎گرایی و طبیعت‎گرایی جهت صورت‎بندی کردند،‎توان استفاده کرد.

In the first stance, constructivism is against realism. While realists insist that our true knowledge corresponds to reality, constructivists reject idea of correspondence and claim that the mind is independent from reality in its work of providing constructs. Thus, so far as knowledge is concerned, constructivist psychologists like Geoge Kelly and Jean Piaget have appealed to the notion of adjustment, rather than correspondence, to reality. Even though constructivists are right in claiming that correspondence to reality is problematic, their critique is tenable solely in the case of naive realism. However, it is argued that we can keep talking about correspondence to reality without rejecting the constructive ability of the mind. This is because, epistemologically speking, the notion of correspondence is crucial for the truth of our theories, while on the other hand, adjustment to reality falls short of being the adequate criterion for truth. The instrumentalist position on knowledge constructs from distinguishing between the adequacy and truth of constructs. It is concluded that we can Keep the insights of constructivists on the theory-leadenness of facts without leaving aside the notion of correspondence to reality. In fact, constructivism meeds to be more realistic.

The multiple nature of perfectionism including intrapersonal, interpersonal, and social aspects requires one's high expectations of him or herself and others as well as others high expectations of oneself. In addition to psychological pathologies, interpersonal problems might be explained by these expectations. The relationship between dimensions of perfectionism and interpersonal problems was investigated in this research. Fifty students (36 girls, 14 boys) were participated in this study from Tehran University. They were asked to fill out the Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (MPS) and the Inventory of Interpersonal Problems (llP). The results showed that dimensions of perfectionism significantly related to interpersonal problems: other-oriented perfectionism was associated with interpersonal problems of submissiveness, intimacy, and controlling; socially prescribed perfectionism was associated with interpersonal problems of sociability and responsibility; and self-oriented perfectionism was associated with interpersonal problems of responsibility. No significant difference was found between boys and girls in terms of perfectionism and interpersonal problems.  

Current study aimed to investigate the relationship between dimension of perfectionism and interpersonal problems. To this purpose, among students of university of Tehran, a sample of 286 students, (154 females and 132 males) in 2016, completed Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (TMPS), and Inventory of Interpersonal Problems (IIP-30). The Pearson correlation results demonstrated that intensity of interpersonal problems according to dimensions of perfectionism was significant at the level of (P<0.01) in each of the three dimensions, selfprescribed (0.31), other prescribed (0.31) and socially prescribed (0.39).Also hierarchy regression analysis showed that in men, among perfectionism dimensions, self and socially prescribed perfectionism if associated with other-oriented perfectionism, predicted interpersonal problems at the level of (P<0.05). In women, the socially prescribed perfectionism imposing severe expectations on them played an important role in relationship betweenother dimension of perfectionism and interpersonal problems (P<0.001).These findings are in line with new researches about adjustment of perfectionism. Also the importance of Gender differences in perfectionism and relation of its dimensions to interpersonal problems denoted by this study.

Introduction: With the success of Masoud Pezeshkian as the 9th President of Islamic Republic of Iran and the importance of recognizing the possible foreign policy changes in the upcoming four-year period (1403-1407), the main question of this paper is what will be the most important paths of the foreign policy change in this Period? In answer to this question, based on the “synthetic model of foreign policy change”, the hypothesis of this research is that there are three general paths for Iran's foreign policy change in the 14th administration (new alternative inputs from domestic or international sources, finding pre-existing inputs into the foreign policy decision-making apparatus and finally changes in narrative by foreign policy decision-makers. So, the main aim of this research is a theoretical aim, focusing on the paths of in Iran's foreign policy change during the 14th administration.Methods: This research is explanatory research in which the data analysis will be through the adaptation of the proposed conceptual model with the case study. The conceptual framework of this research is focusing on the concept of " foreign policy change" and the theoretical models and literature about it. Research data have also been collected through virtual sources (English articles) and documents.Results and Discussion: The research findings and the main argument of the proposed model of this research is that the foreign policy change can take place through any of the three paths. There are influencing variables under each of these paths. These variables, which include material and semantic variables and are located at domestic and international levels, determine the paths of change. For example, windows of opportunity, external shocks and events and new environmental pressures (incentives and punishments) are three important international and material factors in the form of independent variables and as new inputs. If these variables are understood by the mental framework of new foreign policy decision makers (mediating variable), they can cause changes in Iran's foreign policy (dependent variable). On the other hand, the different understanding of the new decision-makers in the 14th administration as the intellectual and cognitive influencing factors (independent variable and as new inputs) is important in creating different outputs of foreign policy (dependent variable). The second path examines the already existing alternative inputs to the decision-making apparatus of the 14th administration. If these inputs are not interpreted differently by new decision makers (intermediary variable), they can cause continuity or minor changes in foreign policy. The third path is through the manipulation of certain elements within the main narrative that the Iranian defines for themselves, by foreign policy decision makers, which makes the policy change legitimate and possible for the audience.Conclusion: The first conclusion of the research is that for the accurate analysis of the possible paths of change in foreign policy of 14th administration, it is necessary to consider the elements of three paths simultaneously. On the other hand, any of these paths of change can lead to changes in the goals/tools or both in the direction of Iran's foreign policy. The extent of change can include radical change or minor changes in one or more specific areas.

نگرش نیچه به مسئله انسان و حقیقت او، بر اساس اندیشه ها ی مادی گرایانه و تمایل به اصالت تجربه است که پیامدهای ویژه ای به همراه دارد. پژوهش حاضر با روش توصیفی و تحلیلی به منظور بررسی مختصات انسان شناختی از دیدگاه نیچه و ارزیابی پیامدهای آن در پرتو آرای علامه طباطبایی شکل گرفته است. بر اساس یافته‎های پژوهش، نیچه با نفی عقل گرایی و بی اعتبار نمودن ارزش ها ی اخلاقی و دینی مورد پذیرش زمان خویش، انسان را تا پرتگاه نیست گرایی می کشاند. لکن برای نجات وی از این وهله بحرانی، انسان را به باور توانمندی و اصالت قدرت خویش دعوت می نماید که ظهور تمام عیار آن در ابر انسان نمود یافته است. این در حالی است که علامه طباطبایی چنین تقلیل گرایی از شخصیت انسان و ترجیح  تن بر روان را برنمی تابد. زیرا نفی عقل گرایی و ستیز با ابعاد الهی متافیزیک نتیجه ای جز بی اعتبارشدن اوزان اندیشه ورزی و خردگرایی ندارد. وی همچنین منشأ اصلی پوچ انگاری در زندگی انسان را، حذف خدا و انگاره ها ی معنوی و ارزشی می داند و قرب الهی را به عنوان غایت اصلی زندگی مطرح می کند. غایتی که در سایه آن زندگی فردی و جمعی انسان بر اساس هدفمندی، معناداری و عدالت شکل می گیرد.

An important condition for a contract to be concluded, is the agreement of the parties,but this agreement may be disrupted due to a mistake. Recognizing a contractual mistake and locating the boundaries of which is done based on two approaches: Objectivism and Subjectivism. According to the subjective approach, the parties' mentality and attitude state forms the contract, and in case of a contradiction in their mentality towards the contract, their mentality state is given precedence. But, in the Objective approach, objective criteria determine the conclusion of the contract in case of having disagreements, and the contract is concluded based upon the parties' apparent agreement. The key question addressed by the authors in this essay is that which of the aforementioned approaches is used to identify the contractual mistake and establish the parameters of its indemnification under legal systems of Iran and England? Contrary to what is generally said, Iran's legal system is Objective just like the England. In this research, which is based on the analyticaldescriptive method, the authors first identify the basic similarities and differences of Iranian and English legal systems, and by examining the issues related to contractual mistake, by rejecting the purely subjective approach, they identify the state of objectivism in the two mentioned systems.

Taekwondo athletes experience a lot of pressure during the competition, because they must attack and defend at the same time, In addition, before the competition, the stress of the taekwondo athletes increases and lose weight quickly, In this context, the maintenance of desirable psychological states and success in Taekwondo requires a set of specific psychological factors, such as positive perfectionism and psychological skills. Therefore the aim of this research was to survey the relationship between Sport perfectionism and mental skills in Taekwondo Athletes. Present study research method was descriptive – correlational, Statistic population was included all of from Iranian Taekwondo athletes participated in country championship competition. Samples were 110 males with average age of (23/60 ± 5/84) selected based on random sampling, and completed the Scales of perfectionism and mental skills. The data was analyzed by Pearson correlation and multiple regression (inward method) tests. The results of Pearson correlation revealed that positive perfectionism was positively associated with mental skills of foundation, psychosomatic and cognition, and Negative perfectionism had the negative correlation with these mental skills (p< 0/01). Regression analysis showed that positive and negative perfectionism dimensions predict 40 percent of total mental skills variance (P< 0/05). According to the findings, it seems that dimensions of perfectionism have an important role in selecting mental skills and the level of skills which every Taekwondo Athletes uses is correlated with these dimensions.