Documents and tablets from cities located in Mesopotamia acknowledge huge firms which were engaged in different business and economic activities. Firms whose archives draw light on Persian conquest of Mesopotamia, land allocation to Persians, forming military bailiwicks, cooperation among enterprises of Babylon and Persia, taking different kinds of tax, and so on. Agibi firm is the most significant firm that played an active role in the economy of the region, from the kingdom of neo-Babylonian to the kingdom of Darius the Great. Achaemenid tax organization, land tenure, paying a variety of taxes, and business were the most important fields that Agibis were engaged in. The main goal of this article is to investigate the role of Agibi’s family in tax organization and economy of Achaemenids.

Ziarid Mardawidj is known, as outstanding personage in tenth century, who comes up with the Idea of reviving the Sassanian kingdom. He has been accused of promoting the return of religion and kingdom of Iran back to Sasanian period, by Abbasian Caliphate courts historians. Despite many contradictory remarks, it is not clear, what were the motives which compelled Mardawidj to think of such an attempt. The objective of this article is to investigate little existing data, in an explanatory-analytic method and find the possible reasons for such a conduct by Mardawij. Here it is found that, in the final five months of his reign, Mardawidj began to oppose the Caliphate although he had a close connection with Abbassian Caliphate, similar to other Istila amirs. Then, as a manner of acquisition of legitimacy, he introduced the idea of revival of Sassanid kingdom, in order to compensate for the loss of his political legitimacy.

On the one hand, the vacant position of study about impact of Achaemenid Empire on eastern states is due to silence by classic authors in dealing with these lands; and on the other hand, it is reffered to shortage of archeological artifacts relating to Achaemenids at the given region. In the present essay, by the aid of reminiscent works and economic and administrative evidences obtained from emperial centers such as royal epigraphs, memorial embossed reliefs and official documents as well as archaeological artifacts, it has been tried to reconstruct position of eastern states in achaemenids’ imperial, official, political and economic system. A list of affiliate lands in imperial reliefs may reflect position of any state in imperial administrative system. After reference to imperial centers in most of state lists, these are eastern states that mentioned; it may be a sign for their status in imperial administrative system. Such attitude was also reflected in memorial embossed reliefs. In and embossed relief, carriers of imperial flag that inscribed on tombs of Achaemenid kings, agents from eastern states have been represented after representatives from imperial centers and even in some embossed reliefs, agents of eastern states were displayed as armed people. Since the representatives from other states lacked such a privilege so this might signify their status in imperial political system. In clay epigraphs from Takht-E-Jamshid, we witness a constant and interrelated connection between imperial centers and eastern states while such relation might be faded away highly regarding western states. The constant relationship between eastern states with given centers and thus with other imperial points has definitely a dramatic impact on thriving and prosperity of economy and commerce as well as life progress for the people in these areas.

During the Sāsānid era, “Dīvān-e Sepāh” (in Arabic and Persian sources: “Dīvān al-Jūnd”, “Dīvān al-Jeyš”, “Dīvān al-Moqātala” or “Dīvān-e Sepāh”), was one of the most important organizations of the Sāsānid Empire, directing the warfare and guarding the borders of the country. Some of the experienced secretaries of this organization, who were called “Dabīr-e Sepāh”/ “Secretary of the corps” (in Arabic sources: Kātib al-Jūnd” or “Kātib al-Jeyš”), went to war with the Corps and as chroniclers/ historians, reported the war with the enemies and the actions of the fighters and the commander of the corps. They also wrote the list of spoils of war as well as the number of troops killed in the war and reported to the king. These secretaries, who during the battle, carried out correspondence between the army commander and the king or others, were also the special “eyes and ears” of the king in the army, and with their presence, the army and commanders were less likely to engage in secret activities and rebellion against the king. Thus, this study will discuss the importance of the “Dabīr-e Sepāh” in the Sāsānian bureaucracy, as well as their roles in wars, as the “eyes and ears” of the king and as event writer/ historians in the corps.

Yet the emergence of the Islamic rule the Arabs had for decades had passed since the two great empires of the East (Iran) and West (Rome) to transform the world. With the collapse of the Sassanid Empire in the East, the figure turned a new page of history Initiating the Islamic era and the era of the ancient. The fall of great empires and organized ethnic-hundred-year-old unknown world, yet twenty years since the release of their ignorance of the space has not passed the; Historians and scholars of history with a view to having a deep and analytical relations with Arabs Sassanid Empire could.This article is based on the quality of relations state Sassanid with Arabian Peninsula from the beginning of the reign of Ardeshir Babakan until Khosrow Anushiravan; seek access to characters and situations Sassanid government relations with the Bedouins. From the perspective of how and why the results of the analysis of the relationship.

Idris Bitlisi was one of the Bureaucrats of the Aq Quyunlu’s curt who took refuge in the Ottoman Empire and in the court of Sultan Bayezid II after the Safavid rule came to power. He held important government official in the Ottoman Empire and left literary, historical, religious and even medical Books. One of the last ecclesiastical works was "Qanoon-e-Shahanshahi" in the ethics and customs of the Sultan, which he wrote for Sultan Selim. The "Qanoon-e-Shahanshahi" presented the requirements and functions of the Kingdom institution in Iran in the form of Gods gift and drew a favorable model of the Persian kings of justice and religion for the Ottoman sultan. The purpose of this article is to analyze the political thought of Idris Bitlisi and the influence of the tradition of writing Andarznameh with a focus on the Iranian Governmental model on the "Qanoon-e-Shahanshahi". Therefore, the present article is organized with an analytical approach and using the content analysis method based on these questions, from what ideas and sources Idris Bitlisi was influenced and how he proposed the model of Iranian Government in the "Qanoon-e-Shahanshahi". Findings show that Bitlisi has compiled the "Qanoon-e-Shahanshahi" in the context of the works of political ethics, but in terms of content and political thought by using the Andarznameh of predecessors such as the Siasatnameh and Nasihat-al-Muluk and the adaptation of thought Their political extension extended the tradition of writing Andarznameh on the axis of the Iranian Governmental model in the Ottoman Empire.

The grain storage had always been an important and vital affair in the ancient Near Eastern states. Thousands of administrative tablets related to the grain storage indicate the importance of grain management. How and in what capacity was this done in the Achaemenid Empire? The present paper tries to examine the architectural structures and technology utilized to build storehouses, and the capacity of them by use of archaeological and historical evidence of this period. There is no doubt that the vast territory of the Achaemenid Empire and its inhabitants needed accurate and purposeful management of production, storage and redistribution of agricultural products, especially cereals. In fact, the management of the storehouse’s played a significant role in the economic programs, political and military goals of the Achaemenid Empire. The Persepolis Fortification archive and the Babylonian archives had thousands of texts and many indications about transactions and storage of different types of grains in the royal, central and local storehouses, as well as providing valuable information regarding storage procedure and the amount of incoming and outgoing commodities. These texts show that storehouses were emptied and cleaned annually; also ragged grains were replaced by new products. Meanwhile, archaeologists who excavated the Achaemenid layers of Chogha-mish in Iran, Tell-Jemmeh and other sites in Palestine and Egypt, introduced some of the structures as a storehouse. Present study shows that grain storehouses in different areas of the Achaemenid Empire followed two traditional building patterns: rectangular storehouses or storage rooms where grain was stored in jars, and circular storehouses such as silos. Studies show that rectangular buildings are more local and circular structures are more suitable for central and main storehouses due to structural features for storing large amounts of grains. By calculating the diameter and estimated height of the excavated structures, we can confirm their high capacity, especially for central storehouses, in the Achaemenid period.

The Socratic conversation of "Lysis" is one of the first works of Plato. In this conversation Achaemenid empire and issues related to it were mentioned twice. At first, the great Achaemenid king with his domination of Asia and his legacy to his son are mentioned. It is also written about Darius I and her wealth in this conversation. The purpose of this article is to reflect on some of the images and appearance of the Achaemenid Empire in the minds of its contemporaries. From this point of view, in this article, only one of these two cases, namely Plato's words about rulership and dominion of the great king of Persia over the entire land of Asia, has been studied. This research, through a critical reading of "Lysis" and a several contemporary Achaemenid Greek texts, tries to investigate what ideas caused the image and concept of the Persian king dominating Asia in the minds of the Greeks of the 5th and 4th centuries BC to be created.

Systematic excavations and surveys began since 1930s, when the Chorasmian Archaeological Expedition founded by S. P. Tolstov, have shed some new lights on the Achaemenid presence in Chorasmia. Kiuzeli-gir and Kalali-gir 1 are, among others, the most important sites of this period in Chorasmia. Palace discovered at Kiuzeli-gir was contained a columned hall, an architectural element introduced in the Achaemenid period in Central Asia. Similar architecture plus the Achaemenid capitals and rhytons were recovered at Kalali-gir. The first site has been interpreted as the first Achaemenid center in Chorasmia in the late 6 century BC, whereas the second might has been the seat of this satrapy during 5 century BC. More excavations, began after collapsing the S.S.R, have been revealed further Archaeological sites containing the Achaemenid material culture such as Tashkirman and Kazali-Yatkan. The first site, bearing the Achaemenid stone bases column, is assumed to be a religious center, while the second was located among the ancient irrigation canals constructed in the Achaemenid period. There are some evidence to show that the all abovementioned sites abandoned in the early 4 century BC, a sign which has led some scholars to conclusion that Chorasmia became an independent state from that date onwards.