Sunni exegetists generally consider the revelation of verse Ikmal on the 9th of Dhu al-Hijjah in the 10th year of Hijrah, and consider the cause of the revelation to be matters such as the conquest of Mecca, the announcement of the verses of acquittal, the revelation of the rulings on forbidden meats, etc. On the other hand, Shiite scholars have considered the time of the reveiation to be the 18th of Dhu al-Hijjah and the cause of it to be the notification of Imam Ali’s (AS) Vilayah (authority). The question is that according to the views of Sunni commentators, what is the relationship between these special days and matters such as disappointment of the disbelievers, the completion of the religion, and the completion of blessings? In front of the Shiite point of view, there is also the question that how this point of view can be reconciled with the large number of hadiths that consider the revelation to be the day of Arafah. The author of Tafsir al-Mizan has examined various views on the issue and tried to prove a point of view that can be interpreted as "the theory of transforming the personal bearer of religion into the kind bearer". Also, facing the duality of narrations, after accepting the common Shia view that the verse of Ikmal was revealed on the 18th of Dhu al-Hijjah, Allamah considers it possible that the verse was revealed on the 9th day and was communicated on the 18th. In this article, Allamah's point of view has been investigated with a descriptive and analytical method, and the conclusion has been reached that Allamah's theory is fully consistent with the words used in the verses related to Velayah, and in this assumption, there is no difference between the revelation of the verse of Ikmal on the 18th or 9th of Dhu al-Hijjah, but the method of gathering the narrations of revelation by Allamah is worth pondering, so at the end another method is suggested for gathering the two categories of narrations.

One of the principles used in Islamic jurisprudence of transactions is the jurisprudential principle of “negation of aleatory sales” or “negation of aleatory” (Arabic: اَلْغَرَر, al-gharar). Shaykh Anṣārī’, in his discussion on the condition of knowledge concerning the exchange items (considerations) in sales (Arabic: اَلْبَیْع, Romanized: al-Bayʿ) specifically regarding measurable and weighable objects, stated that one of the reasons for the necessity of knowing the considerations and the requirement for measuring the object of sale by quantity and weight is the Ḥadīth prohibiting aleatory sales. He further adds that the comparison of the Ḥadīth on aleatory sales with the narrations regarding measurement and weight indicates that the type of aleatory referred to here is general aleatory. However, in the discussion of the buying and selling of cloth, sheep, and land based on observation, he states that since there is no narration related to specification and measurement, the criterion of personal aleatory applies. The question that arises is what the difference is between the two cases, in one of which a ruling is given regarding general aleatory (Arabic: اَلْغَرَر, al-gharar), while in the other case a ruling is given regarding personal gharar. Does the mere lack of a reason for necessitating measurement in the second case result in the gharar being classified as personal? This article critically examines the statements of the late Shaykh by descriptively and analytically reviewing the narrations in the issue of measured and weighed items and their connection to the Ḥadīth negating gharar. It establishes the hypothesis that, considering that the establishment of religious rulings (Arabic: الأَحکام الشَرعیَّة) occurs as real propositions, and consequently, the existence of a ruling depends on the existence of its subject, in all cases the criterion for the principle of gharar (aleatory), similar to the rule of prohibition of detriment (Arabic: لا ضَرَرَ, principle of harm), is personal aleatory, rather than generic aleatory, and there is no distinction between these two matters. Obviously, the difference between the effect of personal gharar and the effect of general gharar will play an important role in the ruling of sales and new unknown transactions, which also guarantees the necessity of this discussion.

In the first phase of this study, a framework was initially developed to' explore the place of measurement in school Mathematics. In the second phase, textbooks of primary and middle schools were examined through content analysis:The analysis indicated that the main focus was on mathematical knowledge related to measurement, standard measurement tools and standard units of measure, whereas little attention was given to nonstandard units of measure, real measurement activities and estimation. On the contrary, individual frames of reference, technology, understanding proportion, and cultural context of measurement, apart from few cases, were ignored.Consequently, in the third phase, individual frames of reference used by students enabling them to estimate, were considered. Finally, a new model was developed to show that how individuals use their frames of reference; a model that suggests a spectrum which at one end, there are physical individual frames of reference and at the other, there are mental individual frames of reference. The findings of this part of the research indicated that students mostly use the physical individual frames of reference over the mental individual frames of reference. They also use their individual frames of reference that are not accurate enough and are not learnt through school mathematics.

The Brussels Effect is a theoretical framework that explains how European regulatory measures extend beyond the EU’s borders, shaping global legal standards. This article introduces the concept to Iranian legal literature, examining its forms, applications, and underlying conditions. It also explores its relevance in the field of personal data protection.The study highlights how European regulatory standards, driven by market influence, have both formally and informally shaped laws beyond Europe, establishing EU law as a global benchmark. Given Iran’s need for a structured legal framework on personal data protection, understanding this phenomenon—along with its key drivers and the regulatory approaches of other countries—can help Iranian legislators develop effective policies in this area.

An ineffective condition is among the invalid conditions that do not nullify the contract, as mentioned in Paragraph 2 of Article 232 of the Civil Code. However, the law does not explicitly specify the criteria for considering a condition as ineffective, or its definition, examples, foundations, and enforcement in contracts. Given the disagreement among legal scholars whether or not a right of termination is established in the case of inserting an ineffective condition, analyzing this issue is of high importance. This is because if such a right exists, the promisee would have the right to annul the original contract. The present study, conducted through a descriptive-analytical method and based on the perspectives of Imāmī jurists and legal experts, concludes that an ineffective condition is one that neither brings profit nor serves to avert potential harm to the promisee or a third party. Also, the concept of benefit is not limited to financial gain, but also includes spiritual benefits and such benefits can remove a condition from being considered ineffective. In recognizing this type of condition, a combined objective-subjective criterion must be employed, and the condition enforcement includes that if it is ineffective from the outset, no right of termination is granted. Hower, if it becomes ineffective during the action and affects the economic value of the contract, a right of termination is established.

The subject of this article is concept of public acts in light of judgments of administrative justice court. Simply, public acts versus private acts, are a group of acts that are done by individuals who are familiar with public law. Due to this difference, making distinction between public acts and private acts as well as dividing the public acts are really important. Because following them special law regime is applied to each group. Moreover, the way of judicial supervision on both groups of acts is depend on the identification and definition of them. On the other hand, distinction between different kinds of public acts is determinant related to the jurisdiction of administrative justice court. The aim of this article is to identify the criteria of distinguishing public acts in light of judgments of administrative justice court. The writer believe that the criterion of administrative justice court to identifying public act is the doer of an act rather than the act itself.

The research was descriptive-analytic and was performed with a relative-causal method. The population of this study were rice-field women, over 25 years old, who are living in Sangachin and Abkenar villages-located in Chaharfarizeh County-and Lijareky Hasanroud and Talebabad villages-located in Lijareky Hasanroud county. In this research, 275 people were randomly selected with systematic sampling method. Questionnaire reliability was estimated by calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficient by SPSS and it calculated as 0.80. The descriptive findings of study showed that the highest of field-rice women participation was in weeding and generally, they are observing sustainability criteria in agriculture. The analytical finding showed that there was significant difference (P<%1) between the mean of observing sustainability criteria in agriculture, regarding the research's villages, level of education, kind of ownership to rice-field and kind of used seed. Also, there was positive correlation (p=%99) between age, years of experience in rice-field, the amount of rice production, rice-field size, the amount of social participation and rice-field annual income with observing sustainability criteria in agriculture. But there exists negative correlation (p=%99) between the amount of rice-field participation and number of household members with observing sustainability criteria in agriculture. The amount of rice production and rice-field annual income as independent variables had the main role in explaining dependent variable.