Objective: Income inequality affects consumption structure via changes in the composition of expenditure basket. Shocks, fluctuations, disparities, and dispersions of income inequality, is expected to be transmitted to consumption expenditures. These shocks might induce inequalities in consumption expenditures. This paper tries to measure the amount of such consumption expenditures inequalities that are derived from income inequality.Method: To measure the consumption expenditures inequality and income inequality, the variance of logs is employed. For this purpose, Iranian urban households' data of the period of 1982 to 2007 is used. To analyze relations between variables, panel data methodology is applied. Findings: All fluctuations of income distribution do not translate in consumption expenditure distribution. Conclusion: The distribution of households' consumption expenditure in comparison to the distribution of income is less subjected to fluctuations and variations.

On the basis of macroeconomic consumption theories, consumption behavior as compared to income is more stable. Overtime income inequality that is, appeared as fluctuation and dispersion in income, would affect consumption expenditure. In this paper the extent of consumption expenditure inequality that are caused by income fluctuation and dispersion was analyzed. The inequalities of household consumption expenditure were analyzed for eight goods and services categories. Urban household budget panel data for the years of 1982 to 2007 were used and causal relationship between the variables analyzed. The results showed that not all of the fluctuation and dispersion in income were transferred to consumption expenditure. Therefore, consumption expenditure was less dispersed than income.

Income inequality is considered as one of the main economic problems. Income inequality affects the consumption structure via the changes in demand and the composition of expenditure basket. This paper investigates the relationship between expenditure consumption and income inequality and studies their trends in the Iranian Households’ Survey. For this purpose, we have exploited household income groups data from 1979 to 2005.The results indicate that all the fluctuations of income inequality do not transmit into the composition of consumption expenditure.JEL Classification: D31 , D32

This paper investigates asymmetric behaviors of income inequality and consumption expenditures inequalities, the relationships between them and sketches their trends in the Iranian Households’ survey for the period of 1979 to 2006.For this purpose, and to analyze the relationships between variables panel data methodology was employed.Results indicate that all the fluctuations of income inequality do not transmit into the composition of consumption expenditure. Therefore, there is an asymmetric relationship between these variables.

The relationship between economic growth and government share in economy is exposed to contention. The theoretical and practical studies have not acheive the same results.During the recent years, the relation between the government and economic growth has been titleled for a lot of studies. Especially Romer, Lucas and Barro's growth models, addes new points to a realm of discussion.In this paper, the relationship between the government consumption expenditures and economic growth is considered from this perspective that the government consumption expenditures is essential for continue to perform economic activities, but in the other hand, changes in government spending is associated with uncertainity.The results show that uncertainty in the government expenditure has a significant and negative effect on the private investment and economic growth.

Introduction: The problem of poverty and inequality has been the concern of politicians and thinkers for a long time, and extensive efforts have been made to solve it. One of the most important programs designed and implemented with the aim of reducing poverty and inequality is social security programs, especially pension insurance. In Iran, most of the pensioners are covered by two pension funds: Social Security Organizations and Civil Servants Pension Fund. The basic question is to what extent these two funds can be effective in controlling poverty and inequality? Method: In this study, the relationship between pension expenditures of two large pension funds in Iran, with poverty and inequality during the period 2014 to 2018 has been investigated. In this study, the type of research data is collected from panel, and the generalized least squares method was used for estimation. Finding: The results show that the Social Security Organization's pension expenses have a negative relationship with poverty and inequality indicators, but the Civil Servants Pension Fund’s expenses and poverty and inequality indicators are in the same direction. Discussion: The reason these two funds have different impacts on poverty and inequality can be related to the financial situation of the funds during recent years. Contrary to the Social Security Organization, expenses exceed revenues in the Civil Servants Pension Fund, and thus, and it suffers from a deficit, a large portion of which is paid by the government. This contradicts the nature of pension funds. The government allocates a portion of its welfare budget to pension funds with a financial deficit. Therefore, the actual budget of other supporting programs for the needy is reduced.

Introduction: One of the main implications of social justice in a society is actualizing equal basic rights such as equal access to health services and minimum income level. Since social disparities among the individuals are affected by their health status, profound social inequalities can have adverse consequences on health and socio-economic situations of the individuals. Hence, monitoring households' health expenditures, which can reflect socio-economic inequality, can provide valuable information for the health policy makers.Methods: Using the Extended Concentration Index and the Health Achievement Index, which both have been introduced by Wagstaff (2002), this study measured the households' health expenditures in Iran disaggregated into expenditure quintiles of the Iranian households. To this end, Iran's annual Household Survey data produced by Iran Statistic Center during 1984 to 2011 was used.Results: The least inequality has been occurred in 2011; while the highest inequality varied between 2007 and 1991, depending on the value assigned to inequality aversion parameter. Nevertheless, in overall, the trend of inequality in the studied period has generally been increasing. The average of the concentration extended index and the achievement index during the study period was 0.59±0.03 and 101884.1±3231.56, respectively.Conclusion: Findings of the study confirmed on one hand, households' expenditure inequality in favor of the higher income groups, and on the other, that the public policy in health has not been as effective as expected. Moreover, the results of the study indicated that the higher degree of inequality aversion parameter, the lower was the disparity between the average households' health expenditures and its average at the "perfect equality". This result showed that the capability of the individuals, and particularly the lower income groups, has been weakened.

In the present study, the effects of government financial variables’ shock on private sector consumption expenditures during the seasonal sequence of 1370-1395 is evaluated. To this aim, the framework proposed by Tagkalakis (2008) and Hristov (2013) is used while some adjustments are made due to the dependence of the Iranian economy on oil revenues. The results show that tax revenue shocks on private sector consumption expenditures in business cycles is not significant and current government expenditures during economic boom and recession periods and construction expenditures during recession periods have a positive and significant effect on the growth of private sector expenditures. Moreover, the effects of current expenditure shocks on private consumption growth are higher during boom and recession periods and also the impact of current spending shocks is greater than government construction expenditures on private sector expenditure growth during the recession.