Recently, Functionally Graded Scaffolds ((FGS)s) have attracted a lot of attention as bone replacements due to their gradient porosities as well as a bone structure. In present study titanium functionally graded scaffolds ((FGS)s) were fabricated by powder metallurgy route using Mg and carbamide as space holders. The arranged layers with 20, 40 and 60 Vol. % porosities were compacted in steel die using uniaxial pressure of 500 MPa before sintering in sealed quartz tubes at 1100 ° C for 3 hours. Image analyzing results and scanning electron microscope (SEM) observations showed more regular shapes and sizes of pores in (FGS)s using Mg as a space holder compared to carbamide. The observed compressive strength and Young’ s moduli of the (FGS)s having Mg as a space holder were in the range of 47-160 MPa and 25-75 GPa, respectively which can be appropriate as bone replacements. The results of MTT assay showed that the values of proliferation rate were higher in samples produced using Mg.

Inherent nonlinearities like Dead-band, stiction, and hysteresis in control valves degenerate plant performance. Valve stiction standouts as a more widely recognized reason for poor execution in control loops. Measurement of valve stiction is essential to maintain scheduling. For industrial scenarios, loss of execution due to nonlinearity in control valves is an imperative issue that should be tackled. Thus, an intelligent technique is required for automated execution, observation, and enhancement. The paper shows the creative utilization of an intelligent controller for nonlinearity diagnosis in control valves. This is a Fuzzy Gain Scheduling ((FGS)) PID smart controller that tunes its gain parameters in real time to manage a control valve’ s inherent nonlinearities. The viability of the (FGS) PID controller is experimentally verified in a laboratory scale plant. An execution comparison between (FGS) PID and classical PID controllers are undertaken for their setpoint following and disturbance rejection at different operating points. Experimental results show that the (FGS) PID controller outperforms the classical PID controller for all explored cases effectively managing stiction based oscillation in the controller output.

BACKGROUND: Evaluating the function of facial nerve is essential in order to determine the influences of various treatment methods. The aim of this study was to evaluate and assess the agreement of Photoshop scaling system versus the facial grading system ((FGS)).METHODS: In this semi-experimental study, thirty subjects with facial nerve paralysis were recruited. The evaluation of all patients before and after the treatment was performed by (FGS) and Photoshop measurements.RESULTS: The mean values of (FGS) before and after the treatment were 35±25 and 67±24, respectively (p<0.001). In Photoshop assessment, mean changes of face expressions in the impaired side relative to the normal side in rest position and three main movements of the face were 3.4±0.55 and 4.04±0.49 millimeter before and after the treatment, respectively (p<0.001). Spearman's correlation coefficient between different values in the two methods was 0.66 (p<0.001).CONCLUSIONS: Evaluating the facial nerve palsy using Photoshop was more objective than using (FGS). Therefore, it may be recommended to use this method instead.

The Zagreb index (ZI) of a crisp graph and also for a fuzzy graph (FG) is a very much useful tool in network theory, spectral graph theory, molecular chemistry and several fields of chemistry and mathematics. The second ZI is studied for (FGS) here. Bounds of this index are calculated for several (FGS): path, star, cycle, complete FG, partial fuzzy subgraph, etc. For isomorphic (FGS), it is shown that the value of this index is same. Bounds of this index for the Cartesian product, composition, join and union of two (FGS) are established. At the end of this article, an application of the index in mathematical chemistry is studied. For this, octane isomers are considered and analyzed the correlation between this index with some physico-chemical properties of octane isomers. This index's correlation coefficient ($r$) with acentric factor and entropy is determined for the linear curve fittings. Using the value of $r$, one can conclude that this index can help estimate the acentric factor and entropy with significant accuracy. Also, these outcomes declare the  appropriateness of the index in QSPR research.

An accurate solution procedure based on the three-dimensional elasticity theory for the free vibration analysis of Functionally Graded Sandwich ((FGS)) plates is presented. Since no assumptions on stresses and displacements have been employed, it can be applied to the free vibration analysis of plates with arbitrary thickness. The two-constituent (FGS) plate consists of ceramic and metal graded through the thickness, from one surface of the each sheet to the other according to a generalized power-law distribution with four parameters. The benefit of using generalized power-law distribution is to illustrate and present useful results arising from symmetric, asymmetric and classic profiles. Using the Generalized Differential Quadrature (GDQ) method through the thickness of the plate, further allows one to deal with FG plates with an arbitrary thickness distribution of material properties. The fast rate of convergence and accuracy of the method are investigated through the different solved examples. The effects of different geometrical parameters such as the thickness-to-length ratio, different profiles of materials volume fraction and four parameters of power-law distribution on the vibration characteristics of the (FGS) plates are investigated. Interesting result shows that by utilizing a suitable four-parameter model for materials volume fraction, frequency parameter can be obtained more than the frequency parameter of the similar (FGS) plate with sheets made of 100% ceramic and at the same time lighter. Also, results show that frequencies of symmetric and classic profiles are smaller and larger than that of other types of (FGS) plates respectively. The solution can be used as benchmark for other numerical methods and also the refined plate theories.

Dear Editor:Genital Schistosomiasis (GS) is a disease condition of the genitalia caused by invasion of reproductive tissues by Schistosoma ova. This health condition has been associated with reproductive health problems such as ectopic pregnancies, postcoital bleeding, bleeding, low sperm count, cervical cancer and found to increase the risk of acquiring sexually transmitted disease (STD) including HIV/AIDS (1). According to the worldwide estimate of women with this condition, Female Genital Schistosomiasis ((FGS)) is in the range of 2-13 million (2). Studies have shown that (FGS) is a common manifestation in S. haematobium infections, hence, a strong association has been observed between urinary schistosomiasis and genital schistosomiasis (3). Genital schistosomiasis (GS), a clinical manifestation of schistosomiasis is likely to occur in all adult cases of schistosomiasis with debilitating disease sequelae. Studies have shown a high prevalence of genital schistosomiasis in communities with endemic schistosomiasis (3).

Introduction: Chronic facial nerve palsy has long been known to negatively affect the quality of life in patients. The present study aimed to investigate the efficacy of Botulinum Toxin A (BTX-A) and neuromuscular retraining therapy (NMRT) in the symmetry of chronic facial palsy. Materials and Methods: Two groups, namely experimental and control, were considered each consisting of 13 patients. The study population included a total of 15 female subjects. The BTX-A was injected into the synkinetic muscle in the experimental group; nevertheless, the patients in the second group participated in special neuromuscular retraining. The rate of reducing synkinesis and symmetrical improvement was evaluated using the Facial Grading System ((FGS)) after 4 months of treatment. The independent t-test was performed to compare the two groups. Results: According to the Sunnybrook (FGS), the mean changes in Sunnybrook scores in the experimental and neuromuscular retraining groups were 3% and 24%, respectively. The comparison of the mean scores of the two groups was statistically significant after the interventions (P=0. 033). A variable ratio of statistically significant improvement was observed in synkinesis in both groups following the treatment (P=0. 041). In addition, by comparing the synkinesis scores between the two groups, the reduction of synkinesis was observed to be greater in the neuromuscular retraining group (P=0. 041) after the treatment. Conclusions: The findings of the current study indicated that special neuromuscular retraining leads to significant improvement in the (FGS) score, compared to botulinum toxin therapy alone. Moreover, it was observed that facial symmetry can be treated with special neuromuscular retraining and the patient can overcome synkinesis.

Vague sets (VSs) being the most advanced form of fuzzy sets has more capacity to analyze the network state more intelligently. It is proven that VS is more useful to solve many real life problems having uncertainties. Fuzzy graphs ((FGS)) are efficient mathematical models for analyzing many problems of daily life. One of the most widely used types of FG is vague incidence graph (VIG). VIGs play an important role in various fields such as computer science, pcychology, medicine, and political sciences and are used to find effective people in an organization or social institution. They can be used to describe the problems which cannot be handled through (FGS) and VGs. So, in this paper, specific ideas analogous to vague cut vertices and vague bridges in VGs,  vague incidence cut-vertices, and vague incidence bridges are explored. The notion of vague incidence  gain and vague incidence less for vague incidence paths and pairs of vertices is also initiated.

This study applied three Artificial Intelligence (AI) models to project the Ductile to the Brittle Transition Temperature (DBTT) of Functionally Graded Steels ((FGS)). These prediction models are Minimax Probability Machine Regression (MPMR) model, Genetic Programming (GP), and Emotional Neural Network (ENN) algorithms with strong prediction performance. The data of (FGS) type, crack tip configuration, the thickness of the graded ferritic zone, the thickness of the graded austenitic region, the distance of the notch from the Bainite or Martensite intermediate layer, and temperature were used as inputs in the establishment of the AI ​​models. Charpy impact test (CVN) values obtained from experiments used as output. The datasets have been divided into two groups: one for training and another for testing. The performance of the established AI models was evaluated through 16 statistical indicators and graphically used regression error characteristics, an area over the curve, Taylor diagrams, and scatter plots. As a result, the GP model showed superior prediction performance to other models. The primary objective of this study was to decrease the parameter count while also facilitating model comparisons. In this way, in areas with complex studies such as civil engineering; it allows the work to be completed more practically.